Ciència!

Per Louis Pasteur.
Abans Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) ja hi havia col·laborat.

Per Robert Koch (1843-1910), refina els del 1884. Per demostrar que un microorganisme concret és el causant d'una malaltia.
Koch també va descobrir el bacteri del àntrax, la tuberculosi i la colera.

Dmitri Ivanovski (1864-1920), estudiant la malaltia del mosaic del tabac descobreix l' "agent filtrable infecciós".
1898 Martinus Beijerinck: “contagium vivum fluidum”.
1898 Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch observen el mateix en la malaltia glossopeda (foot-andmouth disease).

Per Friedrich Wöhler.

The Wöhler synthesis is of great historical significance because for the first time an organic compound was produced from inorganic reactants. This finding went against the mainstream theory of that time called vitalism which stated that organic matter possessed a special force or vital force inherent to all things living. For this reason a sharp boundary existed between organic and inorganic compounds. Urea was discovered in 1799 and could until then only be obtained from biological sources such as urine.[citation needed] Wöhler reported to his mentor Berzelius

"I cannot, so to say, hold my chemical water and must tell you that I can make urea without thereby needing to have kidneys, or anyhow, an animal, be it human or dog".[citation needed]

It is argued that organic chemistry did not actually start with this discovery in 1828 but 4 years earlier with the synthesis of oxalic acid in 1824 also by Wöhler and also from the inorganic precursor cyanogen. It is also argued that vitalism was not put to bed either in 1828. His contemporaries Liebig and Pasteur never abandoned vitalism and it took until 1845 when Kolbe repeated an inorganic – organic conversion of carbon disulfide to acetic acid before vitalism started to lose supporters in serious numbers.[citation needed] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6hler_synthesis

Per Eduard i Hans Buchner. Fermentacions alcohòliques amb extractes de llevats.
Amb aquest experiment va demostrar que la fermentació alcohòlica es deu a l'acció d'uns enzims anomenats cimases i no a la simple acció fisiològica de les cèl·lules del llevat. (wiki)

Hill AV (1910) The possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of haemoglobin on its dissociation curves. J Physiol 40: iv–vii.

Acetilcolina. Loewi, 1921.

Per James B. Sumner.
Purifica i cristal·litza la ureasa.

Descoberta per Alexander Fleming.