Hub Dates- Euro History AP

Napoleon
Emperor from 1804-1814
Chamber of Peers
Napoleonic Code- granted some rights
Ultras- Ultra royalists, leader Count of Artois
Religious toleration for Jews + Protestants
No more universal manhood suffrage

Fall of Napoleon's Empire; France pays indemnity of 700,000 francs
The Hundred Days, defeat at the Battle of Waterloo
Treaty limited France
Boundaries reverted to that of before 1792
Determining legitimacy of monarchs/rulers
End of Napoleon's blockade
Congress of Vienna
Holy Alliance b/t emperors of Russia, Austria + Prussia
Germanic Confederation replaces HRE
White Terror

Conservatism- restored monarchical gov't in Russia, Prussia, France, England
Latin American Independence movements

Revolutionary Movements
Spain- overthrew Bourbons
Piedmont, Sardinia, Kingdom of 2 Sicilies
Greeks against Ottoman Turks --> independence w/Treaty of London
St. Petersburg- 1st rebellion in modern Russian history
- Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationalism

Bourbon monarchy restored- Louis XVIII constitutional monarch
Count of Artois --> King Charles X of France
- Compensation to emigres, voting rights limited, censorship,
clergy in charge of edu, dismissed Chamber of Deputies

July Ordinances- gets rid of Charter of 1814, voids recent elections, dissolves Parliament
Louis Philippe- King of the French
Lady Liberty
Revolt of Lyon- silk worker strike, 20,000 dead
June Rebellion 1832- Paris uprising put down by force

Britain- No revolution
- Chartist movement, Sadler commision, factory acts, liberal concessions to child labor protection, environmental clean water, public schools, conservative concessions to liberals

France
Cause: banning Paris reform banquets, 1846 recession, working class fired
Details: Feb Revolution, Parliament loses control, Louis Philippe removed from throne
Effects: Napoleon III takes over, 2nd Republic of France, Louis Blanc's Nat'l workshops

Germany
C: Inspired by France, Conservative gov't in Prussia, Frederick IV disbanded Constituent Assembly
D: Expanded German military, Wilhelm I wanted to keep congress system, uphold divine right
E: Strong gov't, socialist system, gov't backed industrialization, Annexation of S. Germany, adult male suffrage granted from constitution

Italy (1848-1870)
Giuseppe Mazzini's republicanism, radical program, wanted centralized democratic republic + universal male suffrage
- Young Italy
Victor Emannuel II of House of Savoy
Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, Cavour consolidate Sardinia as liberal constitutional state, programs, highways, railroads, civil liberties
Pius IX denounces rationalism, socialism, separation of church + state, + religious liberty
1860- Cavour in power, cedes Savoy + Nice to France; Giuseppe Garibaldi + Red Shirts
Risorgimento
Italian Socialist Party

Other Countries
- Austria
- Russia- one concession to peasants, emancipation of serfs
- Prussia- repressed

Territory fought over- Alsace + Lorraine
End of Napoleon III's reign
Junkers- Prussian Nobles
Credit Mobilier
German Confederation
Zollverein- German Customs Union, coalition of states, managed tariffs + economic policies
German Empire
Klein Deutschland (Lesser)
Gross Deutschland (Greater)
Otto von Bismarck- prime minister of Prussia, German Chancellor
- "Iron Chancellor" real politik
Das Zentrum
Social Democratic Parties
Kulterkampf- against Catholics
Magyars
Zemstvos- elected councils
Austria's Dual Monarchy --> compromise of 1867

Russo-Japanese war- over dominance in Korea + Manchuria, Japan wins, access to more coal, space, increased food security

Russian Revolution of 1905
- October Manifesto- Tsar Nicholas II issued during revolution,
promised political reforms
- Results: freedom of press, political parties + labor unions not
allowed, limited power of tsar w/new legislature

4 Important Clashes
First Moroccan Crisis 1905-1906
- Fr + Ger wanted influence in Morocco, Ger called for its
sovereignty
- Algeciras Conference- Ger + Austria vs Fr, GB, Rus, US -->
Morocco independent, Fr gets special priviliges: Fr + Spain
control over Moroccan police, Fr control customs + arms supply
- Diplomatic victory for Entente powers

Bosnian Crisis 1908-1909
- Serbia wanted Austria to give up Bosnia
- Russia, Austria, Germany interested in area; Rus- warm water
ports; Germany- raw materials, Bagdad railway,
- Pan-Slavism --> Serbia vs Russia
- Young Turk Revolution
- Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina

Second Moroccan Crisis 1911
- Rivalry b/t Fr + Ger; Fr wanted complete control, GB supported +
Ger backed down

Balkan Wars 1912-1913
1st Balkan War
- Balkan States (Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro) form Balkan League, declare war on Turkey; won series of battles
- Treaty of London- Albania created, prevented Serbia from reaching Adriatic, Serbia compensated w/large part of Macedonia

Second Balkan War

- Bulgaria alone vs Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, Greece,
Turkey --> Bulgaria defeated

Boer War- South Africa, Dutch + GB, Wars of Independence, Afrikaaners; tensions b/t Germany + Britain
Fashoda Crisis- GB vs France
Crimean War- Fr vs Russia
Suez Canal + Nile- GB vs France
Kaiser Wilhelm II dismisses Bismarck, adopts Weltpolitik (aggressive expansive foreign policy)

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip (Serb)
Serbian Terrorists "Black Hand"
Triple Alliance- Germany Italy, Austria- Hungary
Triple Entente- GB, France, Russia
Trench Warfare

Battles
Tannenberg 1914- German victory over Russians
1st Battle of the Marne- French gov't leaves Paris, Allies win, end of Schlieffen plan
Gallipoli 1915- Turkey allied w/German + Italy, Attaturk plants mines, worst British naval event ever
Verdun 1916- Longest battle of WWI, war of attrition, "they shall now pass", casualties >700,000, French pride, Germans mowed down by machine guns
Somme 1916- 1st instance of aerial reconnaissance, >1 million casualaties
Ypres/Paschendaele- Allied offensive through German lines, frontal assault fails, continued stalemate
Second Battle of the Marne- Operation Michael, war ended on Western Front

Tech- machine guns, poison gas, artillery, Big Bertha, U-Boat, tanks, Hauber-Bauche Process (nitrogen fixation)

General Strikes --> Soldiers' Mutiny --> Nicholas II abdication + collapse of Romanove dynasty
Bolsheviks- wanted highly centralized party of revolutionaries; win the gov't
Mensheviks- more democratic, socialist movement
Kadet- member of Constitutional Democratic Party AKA Party of People's Freedom
Lenin's April Theses
Alexander Kerensky prime minister
Korniov failed coup
Lenin returns from Finland-Red October
Reds vs Whites
Duma
Cheka
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- ends war b/t Russia + Germany

Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points: disarmament, League of Nations, self-determination, freedom of Seas, no secret treaties, free + open trade
Big Four- Clemenceau (Fr), Lloyd (GB), Wilson (US), Orlando (Italy)
WWI ends w/signed armistice, Treaty of Versailles negotiates terms of peace
Germany blamed for war, pay reparations, demilitarized
Anschluss (Ger + Austria combining) forbidden
League of Nations created
Rhineland demilitarized
Poland created out of Germany + Russian territory
France given Alsace Lorraine
Creation of Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia created from Montenegro, Bosnia, Serbia, + Croatia

Disarmament pacts (1920s)- reduce/abolish weapons
Locarno Treaty- b/t Allies + central powers, settle territorial disputes, normalize relations w/Weimar Republic
Kellogg-Briand Pact- AKA Pact of Paris, outlawed war in 1928

Other events around this time
1924- French + Belgian occupation of the Ruhr b/c failure to pay reparations
1924- Dawes Plan, attempt to solve Germany paying reparations
1926- Germany joins League of Nations
1929- Great Depression

Hitler appointed as Chancellor
Nazi Party- NSDAP
Weimar Republic ends
Article 48 - Hindenburg transfers power to Bruning, Chancellor
Paramilitary wing
SS- Gestapo: Sippenhalt
Anti-Semitic laws passed
Einzelactionen
Mein Kampf
Red lines; Hamster trips
Judeo Bolshevism
Volksgemeinschaft
Aryan race

1934
- German-Polish non-agression Pact
- World Disarmament Conference
1935
- Germany withdraws from League of Nations
- Nuremberg Laws, Reichstag disbanded, institutionalized anti-Semitic values, Jews no longer citizens of 3rd Reich
- Saar Region returned to Germany; Saar plebiscite
- Mussolini invades Abyssinia, war of agression against Ethiopia
- Hitler announces Germany's rearmament
- Anglo-German naval agreement
1936
- Collapse of Stresa Front (Coalition of Fr, GB, It)
- Re-militarization of Rhineland

Stalin creates famine in Ukraine

1936-38- Spanish Civil War b/t Republicans (leftist Second Spanish Republic) + conservative Nationalists
1938- Anschluss, Austria annexed into Nazi Germany
Czechoslovakian Crisis
Munich Conference- meet w/France, GB, Italy to annex Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia; Chamberlain's policy of appeasement b/c want to avoid war
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Invasion of Poland- AKA September campaign
D-Day

Yalta Conference 1945- Germany divided into occupation zones, pay reparations to USSR
Yalta Compromise- E. European gov't freely elected but pro-Soviet
Start of the Western Renaissance
UN created

1946- Iron Curtain Speech
1947- Truman Doctrine, Molotov Plan

1948
Berlin Blockade- Soviet Zone, block railways that bring in food to West Berlin
Berlin Airlift- America airlifts food to Berlin

1949
NATO
Soviet Union Tests Bomb

Warsaw Pact
NATO
Nuclear deterrence
MAD- Mutual Assured Destruction
Glasnost
Perestroika
Schuman Plan

1955- Warsaw Pact
1956- Hungary Invasion by Khrushchev
1961- Berlin Wall, splits East + West Germany, keeps Communists from escaping East
1962- Cuban Missile Crisis

1st free elections in Soviet Union, minority of critical independents elected to Congress of People's Deputies
Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe
- Solidarity + Polish
- Hungary- held free elections, opens borders to East Germans
- Fall of the Berlin Wall
- Velvet Revolution
- Romania, bloody revolution

European Union formed, Maastricht Treaty

President Milosevic stripped Kosovo of autonomy
Ethnic Albanians founded Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)
Serbs massacre them --> US + NATO involved
Bomb Yugoslavian gov't into compliance