European History

The Black Death was a plague that spread across europe in the mid 1300s. The plague killed 75 to 200 million, mostly peasants. It forever changed the the social structure and population of europe.

Erasmus was born in the Netherlands and was the most famous northern humanist. He was a religious and educational reformer. He believed that people were capable of more and helped with major reforms to the church.

Michelangelo was a renaissance artist. His most famous piece is the Sistine Chapel ceiling in Vatican City, he painted it in 1508. His art was a cornerstone of the Italian Renaissance.

The Catholic church sold indulgences to people to forgive them for their sins all across Italy and Europe. Indulgences were sold for hundreds of years and by 1517 they were being used to pay for the renovation of the Vatican. Luther believed that the church did not have the power to sell indulgences and only god could forgive sins. This was one of the many things that luther and other humanists saw as corruption in the church.

In 1503 Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa. Da Vinci was a very important Renaissance artist and scientist who developed many other important works of art.

The School of Athens was painted between 1509 and 1511 by Raphael.It was painted to decorate the rooms in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. It is one of the most famous paintings in the Italian Renaissance.

Martin Luther believed in salvation by faith alone and the movement became popular in europe from 1513 to 1518. Salvation by Faith Alone meant that good works did not determine one's eternal salvation. This eventually led to the creation of the lutheran church which was not the intent of luther at all.

The 95 theses are a list of problems with the catholic church written by Martin Luther in 1517. Luther was angered and upset with the corruption in the church so he posted the 95 theses on a door in Wittenberg Castle church germany. This caused anger in the church and the monarchies and eventually led to the Diet of Worms

Mannerism is a style in European art that emerged around 1520 after the high renaissance, lasting until about 1580. Baroque style began to replace it in the late 16th Century.

The Diet of Worms was in Worms, Germany in 1521. It met to decide the fate of Martin Luther. He was placed under imperial ban because the pope and the holy roman emperor wanted him to stop spreading his ideas. He spent one year in hiding where he translated the bible.

Jesuits were a religious group created by the catholic church in the mid 1500s to fight the reformation and convert people back to catholicism. The jesuits worked in countries like the Holy Roman Empire because they were becoming strongly protestant. The counter-reformation succeeded in converting millions back to catholicism but failed to create a unified catholic europe.

On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres was a theory developed during the Renaissance by astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. He was one of the first people to go against what the bible said was the universe.

The Baroque is an artistic style which used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting

Astronomia nova was published in 1609, by Johannes Kepler. he explained his findings from his 10 year study of the motion of Mars. the book was part of the discovery of planetary motion during the Scientific revolution.

Bishop Bossuet was Louis XIVs tutor in the mid 1600s. He believed in the divine right of kings and passes these thoughts on to Louis XIV. He helped Louis XIV make France an absolute monarch.

Cornelius Jansen was the leader of Jansenism. It was a french movement in the 1630s against the the influence of the jesuits. Even though they were devoutly catholic they were against royal authority . On May 31st 1653 the pope banned Jansen's Augustinus.

Thomas Newcomen invented the steam engine in 1698 in england. The steam engine provided unlimited energy. It was the first steady source of energy in history.

Olaudah Equiano was a freed slave living London in the late 1700s. He supported the British movement to end the slave trade. He gained support for the Slave Trade Act 1807, which ended the African trade for Britain.

Neoclassicism is the visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome

Thomas Malthus was a cleric and scholar in England in the late 1700s and early 1800s. He believed that while people increase exponentially and food could only increase linearly that eventually there would not be food for everyone. He was correct in many of his theories but incorrect in many.

Romanticism is An artistic and intellectual movement in the late 1700s. It focuses on nature and emphasis on the individual's expression. People wanted to return to the ideas of the past.

In 1848 Karl Marx argued for socialism, revolutions occurred in Europe and he issued the communist manifesto. he is seen as the first communist.

Realism was an artistic movement that began in France in the 1850s. Some artists rejected Romanticism. Realism revolted against the exotic subject matter and exaggerated emotionalism and drama of the Romantic movement.

In 1859 Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species. It is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.

in the late 1800s game laws were passed in England. The laws allowed only nobles to hunt animals like deer. They wanted to exclude others from hunting to show that they were superior.

Impressionism was a very different art style than any others that had come before. it was much less realistic and much more focused on showing the emotions of the artists.

Post-Impressionism is was the reaction in the 1880s against Impressionism. It was led by Paul Cézanne, and Vincent van Gogh. The Post-Impressionists rejected Impressionism's concern with the spontaneous and naturalistic rendering of light and color.

Cubism, Futurism, Supremativism, Constructivism became popular modern art styles after post-impressionism. artists started to make pieces that were less and less realistic and were more expressive. brush marks were less exact and started to show emotion. The art was popular before and around World War 1 and began experimenting in new forms to express modern life

Abstract Expressionism is a Post–World War II style that includes pure abstraction and expression without form. World War II and the Cold War influnced Abstract Expressionism. some of the major artists are Gorky, Pollock, de Kooning, Rothko, Warhol, Lichtenstein

Postmodernism is an artstyle without a center and reworking and mixing past styles. The art style was influenced by the cold war and by the fall of comunism . Some of the major artist were Gerhard Richter, Cindy Sherman, Anselm Kiefer, Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid

Leonardo da Vinci's drawing of the ideal human being this showed the humanist values that were present during the renaissance time period.

In 1492 Columbus began his exploration of the new world, this was the beginning of the age of exploration. this opened up many economic opportunities for Europe

Peasants in German principalities believed that Luther's message was that they had to overthrow their princes and gain control of there governments even though Luther mad it very clear that you had to respect your political authorities just not your religious ones.

It was a Massacre of Huguenots by the Catholics in France. It was plotted by Catherine de Medici and was supported by Spain and the Pope. The French government wanted to get rid of the Huguenots before they gained to much power in France. France was still catholic and needed the support and money of the pope.

John Law was a french economist in the early 1600s. He set up bank system and controlled the financial side of France for a while. He printed too much money and a financial bubble formed. His ideas eventually failed and it severely weakened france's economy.

Beginning of large-scale introduction of African slave labor in the British Caribbean for sugar production. This was the first time in history that a large number of slaves were used and chosen based on race.

Audiencias were a system Spanish royal courts in spanish america in the 1600 and 1700s. Philip II created many of these in his colonies to administer royal justice. They were on of the most important parts of the colonial governments in the spanish colonies.

Book written by Hobbes and was about the influence of social contract theory and about the problems with the structure of government.

The treaty of Utrecht established the board is for the Spanish Empire in 1713. The treaty gave the spanish government rights over most of south america, parts of north america, and the caribbean islands. At the time it was one of the biggest empires in the world.

The Spirit of the Laws is a treatise on political theory, published in 1748 Baron de Montesquieu

In the late 18th century and the early 19th century enclosure had taken effect across all of England. English nobleman enclosed there farmland to increase profits but it resulted in lots of peasants losing their lands. Lots of land that had available to the public was fenced off and was now unusable by the peasantry

This was a book about Rousseau's view of the social contract theory.

Louis 14 built Versailles in 1776 to house thousands of nobles in france and to show them that he was the king chosen by god that could outspend any noble. It was built as propaganda and a monument that represented the king's domination over the nobility

A book on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth. written by the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith.

In 1778 Christopher Wyvill created the Yorkshire Association Movement. Large groups of property holders met to demand that parliament lower taxes in england. They believed that parliament had not managed funds well and were spending too much on the american revolutionary movement

Principle of population was a book written by Thomas Malthus that explained how there is only a certain a mount of food that can be produced so the population can never increase too much. much of what he said about population was correct but he was also disproven when new agricultural methods were devolved.

Britain is rising as an industrial power in the early 1800s. The average life expectancy is around 40

Italian unification was the social movement that combined the different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century

Irish potato famine killed approximately 1 million Irish citizens. it was a period of mass starvation in Ireland. There was not much genetic difference between the potato crop.

It was the social and political movement that led to the unification of all the German principalities into one country called Germany.

The New Economic Policy was an economic policy of Soviet Russia proposed by Vladimir Lenin. Peasants were allowed to sell some of their produce for profit and small traders were allowed to run businesses

In 1929 the Great Depression weakened European economies and the stock market crashed. all of the European and worldwide Economies were affected. Unemployment rates for most European countries went up 20%. Conditions for the improved after world war 2.

In 1930 Joseph Stalin began collectivizing agriculture in the USSR. Under collectivization the peasantry were forced to give up their individual farms and join large collective farms. This was done to help rapidly industrialize the USSR.

From 1933 through 1945 concentration camps were established across northern Europe. The camps were designed to murder thousand of jews and other groups that Hitler disapproved of.

The Molotov Plan was the system created by the Soviet Union in 1947 to provide money to rebuild the countries in Eastern Europe that were aligned to the Soviet Union. this was the soviet unions equivalent of the Marshall plan.

A program by which the United States gave large amounts of money to European countries to help them rebuild after World War II. The USA was trying to keep countries from becoming communist.

The Berlin airlift was the transportation by plane of supplies into West Berlin because the soviet union had closed off all transportation into the city. This happened in 1948 and was an important event in the cold war.

In 1961 the Berlin wall was built to separate east and west Berlin. Families were separated from each other. Conditions on the east side were not good and many people tried to escape to the west side.