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Pricing
1070 BC - 350 AD
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Notable Leader:
- Piye (founded the 25th dynasty of Egypt)
Capital: Napata (then they moved to Meroe
Achievements:
- economic influence extended
- center of metal techonology
Fall: said that Axum contributed
http://egyptopedia.info/images/stories/Original/Dinasty_Egypt/dinasty25_2.jpg
http://f.ptcdn.info/356/030/000/1429062563-smallAfric-o.jpg
100 AD - 940 AD
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Rise: Aksum conquered Kush
Leaders: Zoskales, Ezana
Achievements:
Major trading power
Developed and adopted Ge’ez
Pillars of Aksum
Fall: Islamic invaders isolate Aksum
http://whc.unesco.org/document/102671
http://www.lisapoyakama.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/saba-2.jpg
800 AD - 1076 AD
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*rise- Berber nomad trade, Soninke people
*leader- Ghana
*achievements- gold and salt trade, Islamic influence, large bureaucracy
ACHIEVEMENTS: -Gold-Salt Trade
- Large Bureaucracy
- Islam Influences
FALL: - Muslim Almoravids Conquer Ghana, 1076
- badly disrupted the Gold-Salt Trade
https://ridgeaphistory.wikispaces.com/file/view/ghana_empire.gif/295130238/ghana_empire.gif
1235 AD - 1400 AD
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1235
Kingdom of Mali emerged by Mande-speaking people from an area South of Ghana
-The first emperor or Mansa of this Empire, Sundiata, gained his power by crushing his predecessor, a cruel, unpopular leader
1312-1332
Mansa Musa
Like Sundiata, he also specialized his military and expanded the size of his empire to almost twice of Ghana’s
To govern his very big empire, Mansa Munsa divided this to different provinces and he appointed governors who ruled fairly and efficiently.
1400s
Decline of The Mali Empire
Mansa Musa’s successors did not accomplish their taks as Mansa efficiently
The Gold trade which was the source of Mali’s strength shifted eastward
1464 - 1591
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1464
Sunni Ali
- Expanded the empire through his army who conquered vast territories
- had a centralized government
- Ruled for almost 30 years
1492
Askia Muhammad
- he gained his power by revolting against the son of Askia Ali who did not practice his religion properly
an excellent leader who implemented the use of tax
appointed minsters of treasury, army, navy, and agriculture
1591
Fall of the Empire
- a Morrocan army equipped with gunpowder and cannons invaded the Songhai and defeated them
-This marked the end of a 1,000-year period of which strong empires and kingdoms ruled West Africa
1200 BC - 400 BC
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Location: Mexico Succeeded by: the Mayans
Rise: Good harvests led to organization which was fortified by religion.
Achievements: Water drainage, Ulama, Mathematics, Writing system, Compass
Notable Leaders: There are no evidences or records that give information.
Fall: The exact decline of the empire was unknown.
300 - 900
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Notable achievements:
Jade masks & cacao currency
Polytheistic religion
Religious and solar calendar
Glyphs on codex: Popol Vuh
Tombs, temples, pyramids, urban states
Beginning: Mayans appeared in the lowland jungles and rain forests where they grew in complexity.
Fall: Toltec invasion, famine and disease, Mayans abandoned some city states because of an unknown reason, Spanish conquest
1428 - 1521
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Notable Leader: Montezuma II
Rise: Mexica formed an alliance , called the Triple Alliance, with 2 other city-states, Texoco and Tlacopan
Achievements : Aztec calendar, pyramids (dedicated to various gods), thriving trade network, Aztec sunstone
Fall: loss of control over their people due to them being rebellious ; big demand for more tribute and sacrifices.
1438 ce - 1533 ce
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221 BCE - 202 BCE
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leader: Shi Huangdi
rise: victory during the Warring States Period led them to replace Zhou
fall: poor people revolted
achievements: road system, wall of China, unification, Legalism
206 BCE - 220 CE
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Han Dynasty – divided into two periods: Former Han and Later Han
Liu Bang - Xiang Yu’s general brought about the Han Dynasty after winning the battle against Xiang Yu in 202 B.C
- Centralized Government, Local Provincials ruled by commanderies
The Empress Lu – one of the wives of Liu Bang who came into power after Liu Bang died in 190 B.C.
Wudi – great grandson of Liu Bang; called the “Martial Emperor” because he expanded the empire through war
- Enemies: Xiongnu (North), Manchura Korea (Northeast), Chinese colonies (South)
Highly Structured Society: Ruler: Emperor
Taxes, month’s worth of labor/military service every year (for building roads, canals, irrigation ditches)s
Achievements:
Confucianism
commerce and manufacture
assimilation
Fall of the Han and Their Return: - economic imbalance, political instability, power vacuum, chaos and peasant revolts
581 - 618
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Emperor Wen
achievements: extravagant construction projects
618 CE - 907 CE
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TANG GAOZU rebelled and dethroned the sui dynasty
TANG TAIZONG reformed the government organization and law code, expanded the empire
WU ZHAO diminished the power of northwest aristocracy
EMPEROR XUANZONG a progressive & benevolent ruler who abolished death penalty
Rise: By taking over the throne with a rebellion, the mandate of heaven was handed on the Tang Dynasty. They extended their years with territorial expansion, military and government empowerments.
Fall : The struggle over its large territories added by its crushing taxes pushed border attacks and internal rebellions.
ACHIEVEMENTS
Golden age of art & poetry, woodblock printing, gunpowder, porcelain, mechanical clock, magnetic compass, paper money, mathematical advancements, agricultural advancements
960 CE - 1279 CE
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RISE:
-The the territory was divided due to the fall of the Tang dynasty in 906
-In the east, there were small kingdoms in 923
-Then a general in of these kingdoms named Zhao Kuangyin rebelled against their ruler and the court officials and started his own dynasty…Thus the Song Empire was born.
FALL:
-After 2 decades of warfare, the Song capital was taken in 1276, after fighting with the remnants of the court, the empire ended in 1279.
-The Song Dynasty were defeated by (1st) Jin Empire and (2nd) the Mongols. Each time they were attacked and defeated by their allies.
Ruled southern China and set the capital at Hanzhou. In 1127 – 1279 Song developed economically.
Riches by trading with north China, the South, West Asia and Europe
Contributed in the practice of acupuncture
Painting and art depicting nature flourished (influenced by Daoism)
A higher social class, the gentry, emerged, and among women, the practice of binding the foot was spread (scholar-gentry, relating to Confucianism)
Invention of movable type, gunpowder, porcelain, paper money and magnetic compass; cultivation of rice, transportation and communication for trade
Reduced the power of wealthy aristocrats
The population of China increased
1279 - 1368
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Rise of the Mongols:
In c. 1200, Genghis Khan united the mongol clans and in a span of 21 years they conquered much of Asia.
Leaders:
Temujin (later renamed Genghis Khan) and his successors.
Achievements:
Created the largest unified land area in history.
Fall:
In 1368, Chinese rebels overthrew the Mongol Rule.
1368 CE - 1644 CE
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Founder
-Zhu Yuanzhang/Hongwu"
Downfall
- Multiple calamities caused rebellions and collapsed the dynasty.
Achievements
-Priority of the peasants,
-Weakening of the Eunuchs
-Paper currency
-Strong military