Signe

the system of political organization prevailing in Europe from the 9th to about the 15th centuries having as its basis the relation of lord to vassal (see vassal 1) with all land held in fee (see fee 1) and as chief characteristics homage, the service of tenants under arms and in court, wardship (see wardship 1), and forfeiture (see forfeiture 1)

popes asked for full separation of state and church. 10-11 century. - struggle b/t balance of spiritual and temporal in christisan EU. During the 9th and 10th century the emperor used the clergy to help with making decisions inorder to avoid the centrist tendency of the feudal syst. Emperor had a special admin. to help him find those people mu this encroached on the powers at the pops disposal and he opposed this bery much. Both parties used roman law to justify their positions.
Under pope Gergory VII this period led to a reformation of the church b/c ot was reorganized into a prototype of a modern, centrally governed state based on the model of the old roman empire. It was charaterized by a hierarchal structure. Admin. legislation and case law came directly from the pope
The investiture crises made the distinction B/t the canon law and the ius civile.
Period ended woth emperor acknowledging the popes right to appoint bishops andabbots.

Cluny's = reform had support from emperors, pope, regional princes andabbies, who all threw off the suppression my secular lords.
Cluny had a huge influence on several religions.
Objectives of the clergy: restoration of church discipline and emancipation of the church from secular control. And Thridly establishment of papal authority over entire church.

Placed the entire system of the empirical church under review. Here any for of secular interference = rejected. + he claimed the size of the right to dispose the emperor without no justification.

Rediscovery of the digest as the basis for legal science. This also led to the renewal of law schools scince people began to study and interpret the texts in the digest.

indoctrinated the two swords (powers) transferred by Christ to those in authority on earth

Gratianus published an authoritative collection of connon law i.e. Concordantium discordantium canonum(Deretum Gratiani), = became the basis of the study of canon law. Canon law did now have the answer to it all and where it didn't roman law ruled.Canon law was not a closed system which meant that popes could promulgate new deretals.

law had become a popular study and the popes and bishops saw the influence the lawyers had even on their jobs, therefore Barbarossa promulgated the constitutio Habita which confreed special privileged to law students in Bologna, in return for their support for his imperial power.

Promulgated between 1159 and 1241 so as to create a textual tradition in canon law

Accursius' Glossaria marks the end of the glosssators

Pope Honorius granted archdeacon of bolonga - good student = teach everywhere, this resulted in unis developing in many other places.

jurists organizing and collection findings in the digest made by the glossators.In the second haæf of the 13th century the glossaria surpassed the digest as the principle source for the scientific study of roman law.

standard procedure used in church courts and higher secular courts.

Gave name to school ofthe pratice of roman law = Bartolists. Saw the corpus Irus as a source of legal rules that could be applied. Used roman texts to give their opinions authority.
Bartolus was central in finding out what to do when legal rules conflicted. ne of his main works was an exhaustive commentary on all volumes of the corpus irus. Also author of Consilia (expert legal advise), quaestions(disputed legal issues), tractate and lecturae. His treatise De statutibus, makes him thought of as the father of international private law.

one of the greatest medieval commentators.

Bartolus' student - also succesful commentator

used romano-canonical procedure

started to become interested in the corpus iuris civiluis, they reverted the texts of the classical jurists and rejected Tribonoan because of his mutilation of the texts of the original jurists on which the corpus iuris civiliis was based.

1) not written -

DoneIIus - dound out how to study law in the most logic way after Bartholomew's eve.

led to humanists fleeting to Leiden uni.
Humanists had before this tried to strip the iuris civile from its original meaning. Later however the humanists found that the cleansed text from Justinian law also gave acces to the works of great roman jurists of the 2 and 3rd centuries, which had been excerpted into the digest by Tribonian and his ilk. Led to people trying to reconstruct the text and even the 12 tables.

driving force of the Early Modern Age 1453-1648