History of DNA (1860 - 2017)

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase confirm that the genetic material of viruses is DNA, not protein. Rosalind Franklin records a critical X - ray diffraction pattern, demonstrating that DNA is in the form of a helix.

James Watson and Francis Crick publish their model of the DNA double helix. The model was made possible by Franklin's work.

Scientists at Genetech genetically modify microorganisms to produce the human hormone somatostasin, human insulin, and human growth hormone.

Kary Mullis published the first paper describing PCR.

The Human Genome Project begins planning.

Human Genome Project begins identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome.

Dolly the Sheep was the first mammal to ever be cloned from the cells of an adult mammal.

Craig Venter and Francis Collins announce the draft of the DNA sequence of the human genome at a White House ceremony.

Sequencing of the human genome to be complete with an accuracy of 99.99%

DDR reported to be an anticancer barrier in early stage tumorigenesis.

First gene fusions detected by deep sequencing.

Multiple mutations in DDR genes identified in cancers.

9,928 gene fusions involving 8,607 genes known in neoplasia.