The Progress Of BIOLOGY

A parasite was first seen by Laveran on November 6, 1880, at the military hospital in Constantine, Algeria, when he discovered a microgametocyte ex flagellating. Then Patrick Mason (1894) hypothesized that mosquitoes could transmit malaria. This hypothesis was experimentally confirmed independently by Giovanni Battista Grassi and Ronald Ross in 1898.
Works cited: Web; www.wikipedia.com

The Hardy-Weinberg equation is the mathematical equation that can be used to calculate the genetic variation of a population at equilibrium. In 1908, G.H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg independently described a basic principle of population genetics, which is now named the Hardy-Weinberg equation. Works cited: Web; www.nature.com (suitable by nature education)

Bohr proposed his quantized shell model of the atom to explain how electrons can have stable orbits around the nucleus. This was a stability problem, so the remedy to the problem, Bohr modified the Rutherford model by requiring that the electrons move in orbits of fixed size and energy. Works cited: www.wikipedia.com

In 1915, Morgan and his colleagues published “The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity.” And one of its major tenets was, ‘certain characteristics are sex-linked—that is … occur together because they arise on the same chromosome that determines gender. Works cited: web; www.genomenewsnetwork.org

In the critical experiment, Frederick Griffith (1928) mixed heat-killed S with live R and injected the combination into mice: the mouse died. The dead mouse’s tissues were found to contain live bacteria with smooth coats like S. These bacteria were subsequently able to kill other mice, and continued to do so after several generations in culture. He concluded that something in the heat-killed S bacteria “transformed.” Works cited: web; www.mun.ca/biology.org

This was a book, the American scientist wrote which was the first substantial synthesis of the subjects and established evolutionary genetics as an independent discipline. Works Cited: The editors of Encyclopedia Britannica.

He was an evolutionary biologists who approached Charles Darwin’s species problem with a new definition for species in his book “Systematics and the Origin of Species” (1942 and he wrote that a species is not just a group of morphologically similar individuals, but a group that can breed only among themselves, excluding others. Works Cited: Web; www.wikipedia.com

In 1942, the team, Emile Gagnan and Jacques Cousteau co-invented the modern demand regulator and an improved autonomous diving suit. They then redesigned a car regulator and invented a demand regulator that would automatically fresh air when a diver breathed. A year later they began selling the Aqua-Lung. Works Cited: By Mary Bellis, Invetors Expert (Updated February 01, 2016.

This was an experimental demonstration, reported in 1944 by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty, that DNA is the substance that causes bacterial transformation, in an era when it had been widely believed that it was proteins that served the function of carrying genetic information. Works Cited: Web; www.wikipedia.com

She was an American scientist and cytogeneticist who discovered transposition and used it to demonstrate that genes are responsible for turning physical characteristics on and off. Because of her work, transposons are now a hot favorite among biologists in the field of gene mainipulation. Works Cited: Web; www.wikipedia.com

Under the supervision of Rosalind Franklin, Raymond Gosling, a PhD student, at King’s College London in Sir John Randall’s group, took an X-ray diffraction image of DNA and it was nicknamed Photograph 51. Works Cited: Web; www.wikipedia.com

In 1951, Watson attended a lecture by Franklin on her walk work on DNA. She had found that DNA can exist in two forms, depending on the relative humidity in the surrounding air. Watson used a muddy recollection of facts presented by Franklin; and he and Crick made a failed model. It caused the head of their unit to tell them to stop DNA research. Works Cited: Web; www.pbs.org

The Hershey-Chase experiments were a series of experiments conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase that helped to confirm that DNA is genetic material. Works Cited. 1996-2016 MedicineNet, Inc.

It was a chemical experiment that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the early earth, and tested the chemical origin of life under those conditions. It was conducted in 1952 at the University of Chicago and later at University of California, San Diego and published the following year. Works Cited: Web; www.wikipedia

This was an experiment by matthew Meselson and Canadian biologist, Mason McDonald, and Canadian nuclear physicist, Amandeep Sehmbi, in 1958 which supported the hypothesis that DNA replication was semiconservative. (when the double stranded DNA helix is replicated, each of the two new double-stranded DNA helices consisted of one strand from the original helix and one newly synthesized. Works Cited: Web; www.wikipedia.com

Marshall Nirenberg and his colleagues focused on how DNA directs protein synthesis and the role of RNA in these processes. Their 1961 experiment, using a synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) strand that contained only uracils (U), yielded a protein that contained only phenylalanines. Works Cited: web; www.unlockinglifescodes.org

Margulis, a prolific writer and dynamic speaker, wrote her first article on the endosymbiotic theory in 1967, brought her to the forefront of the controversy over cellular evolution. Works Cited: Web; www.msu.edu

Neil Armstrong descended a ladder with pilot Buzz Aldrin to become the first humans to step onto the surface of the moon. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft.
Works Cited: Web; www.wikipedia

He was an Ukrainian-American geneticist and evolutionist whose work had a major influence on 20th century thought and research on genetics and evolutionary theory. He wrote this essay in 1973, criticizing anti-evolution creationism and espousing theistic evolution. Works Cited: Web; www.wikipedia.com

Lucy’Al 288-1 was a partial skeleton discovered relatively complete female skeleton, dated to 3.2 million years old, was the most famous individual from this species. She was nicknamed “Lucy” after the song, ‘Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds’ sung by The Beatles. Works Cited: Fran Dorey, Exhibition Project Coordinator Beth Blaxland, Education Project Officer. Last Updated 30 October 2015

In 1977, scientists exploring the Galapagos Rift along the mid-ocean ridge in the eastern Pacific noticed a series of temperature spikes in their data. They wondered how deep-ocean temperatures could change so drastically-from near freezing 400 degrees C (750 degrees F) in such a short distance. This discovery was – deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Works Cited: www.Nationalgeographic.org

Robert Stebbins, proposed that the species started off in Northern California and Oregon and then spread south along both sides of the Central valley, which was too dry and hot for salamanders. According to Robert’s hypothesis, as the pioneering populations moved south, they evolved into several subspecies with new color patterns and adaptations for living in different environments.

The discovery of “split genes” in 1977 was absolutely breathtaking. They wondered, “How could this be?” This amazing sequence arrangement spurred a thrilling and highly competitive search of mechanism. Works Cited: The Journal of Biological Chemistry; January 1, 2010, 285, 1-12

In 1977, Frederick Sanger developed the classical “rapid DNA sequencing” technique, now known as the sanger method, to determine the order of the bases in a strand of DNA. He noted the key role that special enzymes play in this process, used to synthesize short pieces of DNA. Works Cited: www.wikipedia.com

He was a Nobel Prize-winning American biochemist, author, and lecturer. Mullis was driving his vehicle late one night with his girlfriend, who was also a chemist at Cetus, when he had the idea to use a pair of primers to bracket the desired DNA sequence and copy it using DNA polymerase. He succeeded in demonstrating PCR December 16, 1983. Works Cited: Web; www.wikipedia.org

Arizona executed 49-year-old Richard Lynn Bible for molesting and fatally bludgeoning 9-year-old Jennifer Wilson in 1988. He asked the U.S. Supreme Court to delay his execution for DNA testing on hairs used as evidence in his trial.

Through DNA fingerprints, a jury found Andrews guilty as a convicted serial rapist. This case is significant because this case ended with the first American trial to admit DNA typing into evidence.
Works Cited: Web; www.prezi.com

According to the biological species concept, speciation is basically a problem of reproductive isolation, a study was performed, and in the study, it is shown that the populations have also developed behavioral isolation as a pleiotropic by-product of this adaptive divergence. Works Cited: Diane M.B. Dodd Evolution Vol. 43, No. 6 (Sept., 1989) p.p. 1308-1311

This is a non-profit legal organization that is committed to exonerating wrongly convicted people through the use of DNA-testing and to reforming the criminal justice system to prevent future injustice. It was founded in 1992 by Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld. Works Cited: Web; www.wikipedia.org

Francisco Mojca was the first researcher to characterize what is now called CRISPr locus, reported in 1993. He worked on them throughout the 1990’s and in 2000, he recognized that what had been reported as disparate repeat sequences, (he coined the term CRISPr through correspondence with Ruud Jansen. Works Cited: web; www.broad.institue.org

Dolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. She was born on 5, July 1996 and had three mothers. (one provided the egg, another the DNA and a third carried the cloned embryo to term.) Works Cited: web; www.wikipedia.org

The fossils represent the oldest known human ancestor after the split of the human line from that of the chimpanzeez and are dated 6-7 million years old. The discovery was made by a team, led by Michel Brunet, between July 2001 and March 2002. The team announced the new species in 2002. Works Cited: Web; Evan Dorey, Exhibition Project Coordinator. Last Updated: 9 November 2009

It was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. After the idea was picked up in 1984 by the U.S. government when the planning started, the project formally launched in 1990 and was declared complete in 2003. Works Cited: Web; www.wikipedia

A molar tooth found at the archaeological site of Denisova cave provided crucial genetic evidence for the existence of the Denisovans-a hominid species discovered in only 2010. The tooth belonged to a woman who lived more than 50,000 years ago. Works Cited: Michael Greshko, National Geographic Published Nov 16 2015