Loose Baggy Monsters

The first huge railways were opened in the 1830s and this mania continued through the century.

According to Kelly Body and Rohan McWilliam.
Thomas Carlyle’s Condition of England question, Chartism, the Anti-Corn Law League and of Engel’s portrait of the Manchester working class. Also, Hammond’s Bleak Age and a time of economic depression. Echoed in the industrial novels of Mrs Gaskell, Dickens and Disraeli.

According to Kelly Boyd and Rohan McWilliam.
economic improvement in the 1850s, rising standards of living. Defeat of Chartism in the year of European revolutions (1848), Great Exhibition of 1851 – increasing middle class confidence and progress in science and technology. Darwin’s Origin of Species, Mill’s On Liberty, Smiles’ Self-Help all in 1859.

According to Kelly Boyd and Rohan McWilliam
British Empire at its height, new world of economy, export of British culture through Gilbert and Sullivan operettas, Sir Arther Conan Doyle’s fiction and the plays of Oscar Wilde. Second Reform Act (1867) after which confidence began to decline; economy began to decline from competition abroad, the Boer War, possibility of Irish Home Rule. Socialism came to the main stream via poverty becoming a major political issue in 1880s. Eugenics, influx of immigrants, visibility of women in the public life, anxieties about manliness were some of the issues of the late era. Viewed as a moment of crisis and a time of relative economic decline (when measured against the rise of Germany and the US).

Included the Battle of Waterloo which pitched France against two Seven Coalition armies after the refusal of Napoléon Bonaparte as the true French Emperor. Coalition win.
Considered a huge cultural milestone and memory in the Victorian era. The French Revolution had worried the British due to the upheaval it could pose.

Increased taxes on publications, radical publications, weekly newspapers etc. It severely cramped the manufacturing of newspapers and publications.

Gave new voting rights to some working-class men, created 130 new seats in parliament meaning that parliament became more active and progressive than ever before. Enfranchisement and shifting of the working-class. Some argue this to be the start of the Victorian Era.

1836: The 4d tax on newspapers was reduced to 1d and the tax on pamphlets was abolished.
1853: Advertisement duty was abolished.
1855: Newspaper stamp duty was abolished.
1861: Paper duty was abolished.

A working-class movement designed to give more suffrage power to them. Policies included a vote for every man 21+, secret ballot, anti corruption measures and equal constituencies. Driven by those who had felt betrayed by the middle-classes and Whig implemented industry laws (the Poor Law Amendment).
Died out after 1848 but their wishes were all eventually granted through other means. During their height, they were seen as a destabilising force against the elites.