History Timeline

War hero and popular, often did not express opinions in fear of swaying others
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of War: Henry Knox
Favors Hamilton and the Federalists over Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans

Wins because Hamilton supports Jefferson over Burr
Jefferson convinced that Republics die from within
Governments should be close to the people
Governments must be responsive of the constituents
Wants to undo Federalist policies
Cuts 3/4 of national debt
Moves to Federalist philosophies in Louisiana Purchase and Yazoo Land Deal

Internal improvements, builds infrastructure at federal government expense
Roads & turnpikes: 1800-1820
Canals: 1820-1845
Railroads: 1845-1900's
Wanted higher protective tariff to protect domestic factories
Renews Bank of the United States

John Quincy Adams was Secretary of State
Acquires Oregon Territory and Florida from Spain
Oregon Territory also claimed by Great Britain and Russia

Puritanical and brilliant, though not fit to lead
Did not use spoils system
Nation moved from nationalism to sectionalism
South opposed expansion of federal powers, fear abolition of slavery
Poor internal and foreign affairs

Jackson symbol of New Democracy, Era of Common Man
Supports Rotation of Office: no guaranteed office
Kitchen Cabinet: Regular discussions with newspapers, contact with his constituents
Eaton Malaria Scandal splits cabinet
Jackson foiling Calhoun's plan to force him into being a states right ally leads to resigning of John C. Calhoun as Vice President
Jackson picks Martin Van Buren as Vice President

Depression hits in early stages of Presidency
Difficult to win election during depression, loses to William Henry Harrison

Hates Andrew Jackson, but not actually a Whig
Whigs do not establish platform to not push away voters until after Harrison is elected
Tyler vetoes bank led by Daniel Webster and Henry Clay
Most of Tyler's cabinet resigns
Tyler vetoes protective tariff, wants states rights, eventually signs lesser tariff

Lowers tariff
Restores Independent Treasury
Wants California and Oregon

Gold discovered in California
Influx of population allows for California to become state

Southern cabinet, wants expansion of slavery
Wants Nicaragua for canal, Great Britain takes Greytown, Nicaragua
Forces United States to sign Clayton Bulwer Treaty

Poorly timed presidency
Panic of 1857, Uncle Tom's Cabin, Dred Scott

Lincoln's cabinet the losing Republican candidates
Seward: Secretary of State
Chase: Secretary of Treasury
Cameron: Secretary of War
Originally thought Lincoln undeserving, unintelligent, changes mind

Divided presidency

Front Porch Campain
Assassinated

Takes over after McKinley is assassinated
Disliked by much of the Republican Party
Breaks up trusts
Keeps U.S. Steel "good trust"
Later forms Rough Riders

Breaks up trusts
Brilliant, not energetic
Hands-off, relaxed
Defeats William Jennings Bryan
Fueds with Roosevelt

Dollar Diplomacy - Taft's plan in the Caribbean
Wall Street sets up business for poor countries
Instead robs countries of their resources

Wins easily because of battle between Roosevelt and Taft
Breaks up trusts
Extremely racist
Kept America out of war slogan

From Ohio
Beloved by public
Morally wrong
Promised to return American to normalcy
Charles Andrew Hughes - Secretary of State
Andrew Mellon - Secretary of the Treasury
Herbert Hoover - Secretary of Commerce
Wanted to return to Laissez-Faire
Embrace Isolationism
Rest of cabinet corrupt
Called Ohio Gang
Harding's cabinet = Grant's cabinet
Harding wants to leave Washington
Takes boat to Alaska
Gets violently ill, is diagnosed with food poisoning
Goes to San Francisco, diagnosed with heart attack
Gets pneumonia, dies

"Don't expect to build up the weak by pulling down the strong."
"The man who builds a factory builds a temple, that the man who works there worships there, and to each is due, not scorn and blame, but reverence and promise."
"Perhaps one of the most important accomplishments of my administration has been minding my own business."

Trickle Down Economics
Andrew Mellow
Dramatically reduce taxes
Dramatically reduce government spending
Government spends too much money
Government has too much money
People make more money
People have more money to spend
Wealthy can invest more
Wealthy can make more jobs
Income increases
Government gets more money
Middle/upper class get much richer
Poor gets slightly richer
Gap becomes larger between rich and poor
Belief is most important in economy
Farmers left out
Farmers fall into depression in 1925

"The prosperity will never end." - Hoover before the stock market crash of 1929
Self made man
Orphan from Iowa
Worked hard in school
Full ride to Stanford
Becomes engineer
Millionaire by mid 20s
30s and 40s wanted to serve public

Wants to establish a trade route to reduce the cost for European consumer
Pristine Myth: Native American lands were basically untouched before Columbus. Untrue because Native Americans have been proven to farm and otherwise alter the landscape before Europeans arrived in 1492
Columbian Exchange follows
Edict by Spanish monarchy that limits the poor treatment of Native Americans creates a market for African slaves
Most slaves go to Brazil (Portuguese territory), not Spanish America

Split New World between Spain and Portugal
Spain gets North and Latin America
Portugal gets Brazil

Vasco Nunez de Balboa crosses Isthmus of Panama and "discovers" the Pacific Ocean from the Americas

Quick conquest because of disease, weaponry, and technological advancements
Henana Cortes conquers Aztecs and establishes Encomienda System
Peninsulares: Whites born in Spain
Creoles: Whites born in Americas
Mestizos/Mulattoes: Half-white, half-native or African
Native Americans and African Slaves

Francisco Pizarro conquered because of advantages in disease, weaponry, and technology

Hernando de Soto and disease (primarily disease) ravage the Native Americans in North America

Native Americans in American Southwest rebel against Spanish missionaries
Native Americans were mistreated because of Spanish racism and desire for wealth

Failed English colony in present-day North Carolina
Colonist desire religious freedoms

Present-day Virginia
Founded in hopes of finding gold by members of the lower nobility
Dying Time: 1/2 to 1/3 of population dies from September to Spring
Only during 3rd winter under leadership of John Smith Dying Time does not happen and 80% live through the winter
Settlers replenished every year through supply boat

Failed English colony in present-day Maine
Fails after first winter

Settlers push up James River, approach on Native American lands

Slaves treated similarly to indentured servants, only had longer sentences
Most slaves in the Americas came from the Caribbean

Allows for greater profits in Jamestown
More settle in Jamestown
Profits lucrative in beginning, even out as time passes

Present-day Maine
Led by William Bradford
Mayflower Compact is signed on board, first official constitution in the New World
Paid captain to land in Maine, did not want to be under control of the Virginia Company
Settlers owe debt to Thomas Weston
Settlers arrive as families, have peaceful relationships with Native Americans
Farm collectively at beginning, move to more capitalistic farming as time passes

Native Americans surrender to Anglos

Battle between King and English Parliament eventually sets up English Civil War
John Winthrop brings 11 ships with over 700 people
Founds "City on a Hill" (Boston)
Model of Christian Charity - speech given by Winthrop on ship
Puritans want to light the rest of the world, hopes England will follow
Balance between rich and poor, initially hurt merchants
Tensions arise with Native Americans as settlers push inland
Colonists ally with coastal tribes to conquer dominant Pequot tribes in 1637

St. Mary's original settlement
Safe haven for Catholics

Williams believes in separation of church and state, thinks state with corrupt the church
Winthrop exiles Williams
Rhode Island only New England state with true religious freedom among Christians

Spoke out against strict Puritans
Did not believe most preachers were qualified to preach
Merchants side with Hutchinson, farmers against her
Winthrop accuses Hutchinson of heresy

Has upper and lower houses
Upper house selected by governor's counsel
Lower house elected by large land owners
Demonstrates a government separate from that in England

Made education mandatory under belief what educated individuals would be less like to fall under the control of the devil
Makes New England very literate
Education was provided by the town

Maryland Law
Grants free practice to Christians

Major export is tar
Rice becomes main cash crop in South Carolina
Rice plantations create market for slavery

Best farmland in New York controlled by 15 families
15 families very wealthy
Farms had English renters

Poor farmers attack Native Americans
Governor Berkeley attempts to stop/control the mob
Jamestown burned by Bacon's men
End when Bacon suddenly dies

Well planned, no Dying Time
Prosperous but not rich
Alliances and fair deals with Native Americans
Complete religious freedoms bring diverse populace

Salem, Massachusetts

James Oglethorpe founds Georgia as a buffer between Spanish America (Florida) and British South Carolina
South Carolina was the wealthiest colony, Britain would suffer if Spain would overtake it in a war
Oglethorpe sends debtors to Georgia

Twenty slaves stole weapons and attacked a warehouse
Killed whites and marched South
Resulted in a law that restricted the already limited freedoms of slaves
Outlawed education and limited trade skills available to slaves

Slaves become property
Slaves' children also become slaves

Slavery becomes legal lifetime status

England drops Navigation Acts because of American smuggling
Colonies left alone by British
Hence thrived socially, economically, and politically
Colonies do not want to pay for own defense after 7 Years War
Britain puts more rules and restrictions on colonies
Sudden influx of regulation causes rebellion from colonies

Can check warehouses and houses of merchants without a search warrant
All smuggling cases judged by British, eliminates right to a jury of one's peers
Erosion of rights most bothersome to upper-middle class

Outlawed expansion West of Appalachian Mountains
British did not want to fight Native Americans after French & Indian War

Great Britain wanted 100,000 pounds to pay for services in the colonies
Lowered tax on American ships, but every transaction was taxable by Great Britain
Largest impact on Boston, New York, and Philadelphia

Colonies had to pay for cost of housing British soliders

Internal tax on British Goods
Required a British stamp on all official documents
Incites cries for no taxation without representation
Impacts all states, creates common enemy in the British
Colonies begin boycott of British goods
40% of British exports go to the colonies
Boycott causes the end of Stamp Act

Great Britain could impose any act against the colonies

John Dickinson's 12 essays
States that Great Britain has no right to tax colonies on British goods, because it is an internal tax

Tariff placed on everyday necessities and imports
Imposed to paid colonial governors to make them less influenced by the American populace

Published by Samuel Adams and James Otis Jr. in response to Townshend Duties
Passed by Massachusetts House of Representatives
Resulted in military occupation in British soldiers in Boston

British kill 5, wound 8 colonist protesters

British Lord North drops Townshend Acts, put keeps the tea tariff
States that all tea must be imported from the East Indian Tea Company

Bostonian's refused to drink the East Indian Tea Company's tea
Sons of Liberty broke into stranded ship, dumped over 300 boxes of tea into the Boston Harbor
Causes Intolerable Acts

British response of Boston Tea Party
Closes the port of Boston, make Boston pay for dumped tea
Allows for quartering in colonists' homes

Gives Midwest lands to Canada
Angers most of the colonies because they had claims to those lands
Angers wealthy Virginians that owned those lands

American response to Intolerable Acts
Puts George Washington in charge of revolution

"Shot Heard 'Round the World"
Begins Revolutionary War

Widely read pamphlet urging colonists to fight for independence from Britain

Acted as de facto government for colonies during Revolutionary War
Consisted of many radicals including John Hancock, Patrick Henry, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson
Signs Olive Branch Petition

Adopted by Second Continental Congress
Wished for peace between colonies and Great Britain
Rejected by British monarchy

Petition against the British government
Colonies buy weapons from other countries after adopting
Ends hope of peaceful reconciliation between England and America

Declaration Committee: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin. Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman
Stated people's right to rebel and crimes against the colonies
Original because it stated that colonies would rebel and replace the British government system with their own

First major battle of Revolutionary War
Washington escapes

British campaign to take Northern colonies
Well planned but terribly executed, fails miserably
France allies with colonists against Great Britain

Great Britain wanted aid from Southern Tories and slaves
British General Clinton takes most of South, allows General Cornwallis to finish campaign
Francis Marion and Thomas Sumter lead guerrilla war against British
Spanish Louisiana defeats British Florida
American General Nathanael Greene retakes the South
Ends with British surrender in Yorktown

Stronger state governments than national government
Each state had one vote, favored smaller states
National government could not tax
National government could not enforce any laws it enacted
Position: Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Great Britain suffered many defeats in 1770's to colonies, France, and Spain
Spain hoped to limit American expansion
Colonies send Benjamin Franklin and John Jay
Franklin hoped to eventually reconcile with Britain instead of Spain
British rivalries with France and Spain allow America to gain most from treaty

Land to be surveyed then sold
Orderly development of the West
All land will be part of new, equal states
Slavery abolished in new states
Land set aside for public education

Established governments for new Western states

Lack of strong central government leads to anarchy
Tariffs in each state dries up domestic economy

Farmers formerly taxes by grain, system changes and requires taxes paid in gold and silver
Farmers could not pay Massachusetts taxes
Farms were confiscated and eventually sold in sheriff's auction
Farmers attacked sheriff's auctions
Massachusetts has no militia to defend itself
Other states ignore Massachusetts's requests for help
Massachusetts must hire mercenaries to put down rebellion
Shay's political party wins in next election
Scares other colonies, establish need for stronger federal government

Went to modify Articles of Confederation
Only 5 states sent delegates
Madison and Hamilton advocated for strong central government

Treasonous against the Articles of Confederation
No official documents/minutes so congregants could not be found guilty of treason
Wanted private meeting, met in hot summer
Debated power and extent of national government
Developed electoral college to prevent masses from taking over the government
Judiciary given little power to begin, was to be given to them from legislature later
Federal government only explicitly allowed to tax, declare war, manage foreign policy, regulate interstate commerce, and coin money
Wanted to prevent tyranny and anarchy at all costs
Debate regarding "We the People": Are the people of the states or individuals of the country?

Only wealthy property owners could vote in most states
Passes quickly and overwhelmingly in small states
Only passes in large states because Federalists promise a Bill of Rights
Federalist Papers sway New York to ratify
Hamilton threatens that New York City will leave New York State, leaving the state without a port, if constituents do not ratify

Set up court system

Hamilton knew that middle class led the revolutions, so he created an economy that would ensure that the middle class's finances would be dependent on the government surviving

Debt: United States would not repudiate $54 M debt, instead would pay back in full
American debt would be used to drive interest rate down
National government would take $21.5 M debt from the states

Tariffs: Would start with revenue tariff to increase revenue for national government, would move to protective tariff to bolster American economy
Believed United States could stand equal to British economically, but would take generations to achieve

Bank: Federal bank would contain federal government deposits
Federal deposits would be lent out
Safety in federal bank would be ensured because the federal bank held the government's money
Wealthy investors would use federal bank, start new businesses

Starts debate between strict vs. loose constructionists
Hamilton recites Necessary & Proper Clause to defend position
Argues that government should stimulate economic growth

Originally Congress passes 12 rights
Only 10 pass at the state level

National government deploys army to put down rebellion
Contrasts from Shay's Rebellion because government had actual authority for the Whiskey Rebellion

United States would stay out of European conflicts

Washington sends John Jay, a Federalist, to negotiate with Great Britain
Hamilton, in fear of crippling the budding American economy by fighting England, discreetly sends Great Britain a letter stating the lowest terms that American would accept
Great Britain would leave all American forts
Great Britain would temporarily seize impressing American sailors on British warships
Great Britain would pay the United States damages to American ships
United States would have those owing debts to England pay said debts back
Benefited New England merchants who would be repaid, Federalists
Hurt poor Southerners who would have to pay, Democratic-Republicans
Passes barely with Washington's support

Spain assumes United States will ally with Great Britain
Spain allows United States free use of the Port of New Orleans

Warns against political parties
United States should not be in any permanent alliances
Should avoid war in the future
Two terms in enough for any President

North African pirates that charged protection fees
Charged high prices after Jefferson reduces the size of the Navy
Destroy pirates in a pirate port
Cut deal to pay equal to what England pays

Federalist approve Federalist judges before Adams leaves
Marshall rules Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
Marshall establishes Judiciary Review

Jefferson implements Hamiltonian philosophy with greater use of Federal government powers
Federalist oppose, state is it unconstitutional

United States operating Broken Voyages, which resell British and French goods to each other and allow Americans to make vast profits
Great Britain confiscates American ships and impresses American sailors

French Navy can stop neutral ships that stop in Great Britain
Confiscated ships but did not impress sailors

Jefferson puts embargo on all of Europe
Wants to economically weaken Great Britain
Great Britain makes up by trading with Spanish North America
Hurts New England and the United States the most

Jefferson purchases land on behalf of Federal government
Shows separation from original Democratic-Republican views

Repeals Embargo Act
Expands jurisdiction to British West Indies, but loosens trade regulations with Europe
British Minister George Canning offers United States Protection if sides with Great Britain
Madison rejects offer to remain neutral

Overturns Embargo and Non-Intercourse Act
United States will trade with whoever (between France and Great Britain) would drop trade restrictions first
Napoleon drops first, opens up trade with France

Agree to return to status quo antebellum
Jackson has victory in New Orleans even though war is over

Federalists adopt Jeffersonian philosophies, advocate for states rights
Propose amendments for:
1. Abolish Three-Fifths Compromise
2. Two-Thirds voting requirement (as opposed to simple majority) for Congress to declare war and admit new states
3. Limit President to one term
4. President cannot be from same state as preceding President
5. No embargo for more than sixty days

Causes decline and eventual eradication of Federalist Party
Treaty of Ghent, and victory at New Orleans causes fervent nationalism
Democratic-Republicans consolidate remaining power

Maryland issues tax on Bank of United States
Supreme Court rules that Maryland cannot tax entities of United States federal government
Bank of United States can exist under Necessary and Proper Clause
Marshall Court aligns with strong central government and business

Missouri to be admitted as a slave state
Opposed by North because would cause an imbalance in the Senate favoring slave states
Tallmadge Amendment proposed Missouri a slave state for only first 25 years
Henry Clay proposed Missouri Compromise
Maine admitted as a free state, Missouri admitted as a slave state
36°30′ parallel used to determine admittance of free or slave states

United States and Great Britain benefit from freedom of Spanish North America
Spain wants Spanish North America back as colonies, would freeze United States and Britain from trade
Great Britain wants alliance with United States

United States adopts foreign policy developed by John Quincy Adams
1. United States will abstain from all European wars
2. American continents are not subject to further colonization of European powers
3. Attempts of European colonization of the Americans will be seen as an act of war

Founded in England by Mother Anne Lee
Anti-materialism, exercise restraint

Created by Samuel Slater
Slater smuggled information out of England

Allows for use of upland cotton
Heightened need for slavery
Cotton exports paid for European imports
Brought wealth to South
Northern merchants also benefited from transporting cotton

Hired young, single women to work in factories
Emergence of factories reduced need for skilled labor

Part of reform movement, more schools established after

American Colonization Society pushes for slaves and former slaves to be sent back to Africa
Purchases Liberia

Jackson, Adams, Crawford, and Clay receive votes
Goes to House of Representatives
Only top three go, Clay out
Clay must support Adams because he hates Jackson
Adams names Clay his Secretary of State
Jackson angry, claims of a "Corrupt Bargain"

Marshall Court sides with National laws
Extends use of Commerce Clause

Unitarianism movement started in United States in 1782 by James Freeman
Joseph Stevens Buckminster leads movement in New England
Henry Ware leads movement at Harvard
Believes that God is one person (as opposed to idea of Holy Trinity)
Rejects Original Sin and Predestination

Water transportation relatively inexpensive
Erie Canal very profitable
Other attempted canals mostly unsuccessful

Founded by Robert Owen as socialist Utopian society
Failed after two years

National crusade against drunkenness
Wanted temperance to increase integrity of political process

Founded by Joseph Smith
Mormonism puts United States at center of religious beginnings
Continuation of Christianity
Brigham Young takes over after Smith is murdered, moves to Salt Lake City

Common man supports Jackson
Adams goes back to House of Representatives

Jacksonians push for 50% tariff, 37% had been previous average
Would hurt North if passed, Jacksonians believe Adams will veto it
Adams passes it, hurts South
South in return passes South Carolina Exposition

Written anonymously by John C. Calhoun
Provides intellectual basis for nullification
Endorses Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Secretary of State's wife shunned because of rumors
Jackson has sympathy, his own wife's health deteriorated because of similar actions
Only Van Buren shows Eaton's wife respect, earns respect of Jackson as well

Webster of Massachusetts vs. Hayne of South Carolina
New England losing population and political power to increasing west
New England proposes limiting sale of western lands
Hayne attacks New England, hopes to use west as states rights ally
Hayne advocates nullification, South Carolina Exposition, and Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Webster attacks nullification, states social contract is between the federal government and the people
Webster: "Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable"

Authorized Jackson to negotiate with Native Americans to relocate Native Americans
Jackson favors nationalism over states rights
Leads to Trail of Tears

Forced relocation and genocide of over 60,000 Native Americans

Jackson vetoes potential building of Kentucky road
Cites states rights over nationalism

Native Americans fought against forced relocation of Georgia
Marshall Court sides with Native Americans
Jackson ignores Supreme Court, tell Marshall to find way to enforce jurisdiction himself

William Lloyd Garrison outspoken abolitionist leader
Advocated for immediate and uncompensated emancipation
Garrison founds New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1831

Clay proposes rechartering Bank of United States to hurt Jackson in upcoming election
Bank corrupt, has too many ties to Senators
Poor support Jackson's veto, vote in masses, secure victory for Jackson

South Carolina Nullification Party wants to nullify Tariff of 1832 at state level
South Carolina hopes other states will join them, none do
Jackson moves military units closer to South Carolina
Prompts Clay to propose Tariff of 1833 as compromise

Jackson could use army and navy to collect tariffs
South Carolina ends nullification on tariff, moves nullification to Force Bill
Essentially useless because South Carolina will pay the new tariff (25%), so Jackson will not have to use Force Bill

Proposed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
Dropped tariff to 25%, about half of Tariff of 1832 (or Abominations)

Women's rights conventions, leads to writing of Declaration of Sediments
Women's rights leaders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott, Sarah Grimke, Angelina Grimke, Lydia Child, Lucy Stone
Led to spit between those only for abolitionist movement and those for both abolitionist movement and women's rights movement

Canadian arrest for murder on Caroline ship
Great Britain threatens war against United States

Profits, prices, and wages decreased
Causes states to default bonds

Fight for territory in Maine/Canada
Webster negotiates treaty with Great Britain
Ends threat of war

Whigs run William Henry Harrison and John Tyler ("Tippecanoe and Tyler, too)
Harrison represents common man
Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign embraces "poor" upbringing of Harrison

Slaves steal ship, Great Britain offers asylum
Further degrades relations between United States and Great Britain

Dorothea Dix leads penitentiary and asylum reform movement

Texas Independent from Mexico, wants to join United States
Jackson initially refuses, does not want to disrupt balance of slave and non-slave states
Great Britain interested in Texas, has cheaper cotton than American South
Polk wants to expand and bring in Texas
Tyler has both houses of Congress file Joint Resolution to annex Texas

Proposal to ban slavery to territories gained in Mexican-American War
Fails, reopens argument regarding slavery

54-40 N Parallel claimed by United States, Spain, Russia, and Great Britain
1819: Adams-Oress Treaty gives United States Spanish claim to land
1845: United States/Russian Treaty gives United States Russian claim to land
Great Britain proposes 49th Parallel, but United States wants all land
United States accepts 49th Parallel after war erupts with Mexico
United States does not want war with both Great Britain and Mexico

Main issue is slavery in new states
Democrats run Cass, advocates popular sovereignty
Whigs run Zachary Taylor, anti-slavery Southerner
Free Soil Party runs Martin Van Buren, anti-slavery, free land, free speech, free men

United States receives American Southwest
Mexico receives $15 Million and ends debt with United States
Whigs and South against treaty, Calhoun urges it to pass
Enhances idea of Manifest Destiny

United States needs Great Britain, and Great Britain needs United States, to build canal

Clay's compromise, Webster and Calhoun also dominant
North Receives:
1. California as a free state
2. New Mexico receives disputed territory between itself and Texas
3. Ends slave trade, but not practice, in Washington D.C.
South Receives:
1. Popular sovereignty in Utah, New Mexico, and other desert states
2. Texas receives $10 Million for land given to New Mexico, paid for by federal government
3. Fugitive Slave Act, requires return of escaped slaves to South without trial

Factory owners increased reliance on Irish immigrants as young women found other professions
Pull factors: Religious freedom, abundant land, good wages, and economic opportunity
Push factors: Starvation (potato famine)

Most Northerners did not want expansion of slavery
No trial for returned slaves, Southerners could return freed African-Americans
Massachusetts passes laws opposing Fugitive Slave Act (basically nullification)
Underground Railroad heightened and extended to Canada
Many poor Southerners selling land to rich, moving West

Largest issue Compromise of 1850
Democrats nominate Franklin Pierce, pro-South from New Hampshire
Whigs nominate Winfield Scott, good general but unlikable
Both parties split internally from North vs. South
Whigs take moderate platform regarding Compromise of 1850
Northern Whigs support candidate but not platform
Southern Whigs support platform but not candidate
Pierce wins easily, Whigs disappear, Republicans emerge in 1854

Rising abolitionist movement in North because of Uncle Tom's Cabin, Kansas Nebraska Act, and Fugitive Slave Act
Acted in Great Britain and France, aids North because public of Great Britain and France prevent the two from joining South during Civil War

Wants to build railroad across West and South
Rejected by North, would make South too wealthy

Masses move to Kansas to vote on slavery under popular sovereignty
Attacks and retaliation continue
John Brown attacks

Douglas and North want railroad in North, not South
Douglas proposes railroad from San Francisco to Chicago
Wants to separate Kansas and Nebraska, add both under popular sovereignty regarding slavery
South wants to prove that slavery can expand, even if it does not in that instance
Disregards Missouri Compromise, angers North, turns North against Douglas

Rationale for United States to declare war on Spain for Cuba if Spain rejected offer from United States to buy Cuba
Leaked to press, stains Pierce and South

Republicans nominate John Freemont
Democrats nominate James Buchanan
Nativist Know-Nothings nominate Millard Fillmore
Buchanan wins, is pro-South from Pennsylvania

Sumner addresses Senate with "Crimes Against Kansas" speech
Angers South, particularly South Carolina
Sumner brutally beaten by Brooks from South Carolina
Beating angers North, justified by South

Tariff passes as Russian grain goes back onto market
Cause for decreased price of grain
Impacts farmers first, Western banks, Eastern banks, consumers
Hurts North significantly more than South
South believes they can secede because economy was more stable
Population increase, immigration, eventually rise demand and price of grain

States determine if slave state or free state, not Congress
Overrides Missouri Compromise, Northwest Ordinance, Kansas Nebraska Act
Congress cannot eradicate slavery, only individual states can
North objects, which angers South

Slavery does not benefit poor whites and therefore most of the South

Proposed Kansas state constitution
Could vote with or without slavery, but slaves already in Kansas could remain
Free state supporters do not vote, Kansas government (run by slave state supporters) apply to join Union as slave state
Douglas opposes entrance of Kansas as slave state, isolates him from South

Senate selected by State House of Representatives
Freeport Question from Lincoln: Who would prevail the court or the people?
Douglas responds that the people would
Further isolates him from South
Douglas wins seat, but Lincoln becomes more popular

Democrats intentionally split party to ensure Republican victory
Fire-Eaters lead the fight
Two Democratic candidates: North nominates Douglas, South nominates John C. Breckinridge
Constitutional Union Party nominates John Bell
Lincoln wins

Proposal to leave all states to govern under popular sovereignty
Fails, opposed by Lincoln, not yet President, and Republicans
Last attempt at compromise, Deep South does not return
South does not believe North will fight

Deep South: Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Texas soon follow
Originally, only 7 of the 15 slave states seceeded from the Union
Buchanan has no military force to crush South, effectively does nothing

Winfield Scott's plan to cut off Southern supply lines
Naval blockade, anticipated by South, expected help from England
Capture Mississippi River at New Orleans and cut off Western Confederacy
Capture East Tennessee, march through Georgia, split Confederacy into thirds
Capture Richmond
Both armies aim to capture capitals

Southern fort still held by North
Controlled Charleston Harbor
South attempt to starve out fort
Lincoln sends humanitarian ship, South opens fire on fort
Sumter because martyr for North
Lincoln blockades South
North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Virginia secede
Lincoln does not want to lose Kentucky or Maryland
Puts Maryland under martial law, pro-secession lawmakers in jail under habeus corpus

Union could capture Richmond
Beauregard does not capture Washington D.C.
Lincoln appoints George McClellan as head of Union Army
McClellan trains army instead of fighting South

Effectively does nothing
Russia would unite with North, threatens Great Britain with war if joins South
North wants slave rebellion, upsets South

South loses 65,000 in one day
North controls Mississippi with Vicksburg victory

Lincoln defeats George McClellan
Lincoln senses Northern victory, advocates forgiving the South in inaugural speech
Republicans alter platform to appeal to all parties, Johnson (Vice President) is Democrat

Also a plot to kill Johnson and Seward

First use of federal land for private railroads

Allowed for cheaper and more efficient production of steel

Largest silver deposit in United States
Most profitable of gold/silver rush

Attempted to help immigrants obtain land in West
Failed because of economic barriers
Does expand the frontier, but to farmers or others of wealth

Establishes pattern for land granted by federal government to railroads

50% plan, vetoed by Lincoln
Lincoln did not believe the South seceded

Intended to help poor Southerners, did not work

Johnson wanted to punish the rich
Republicans override Johnson's vetoes to protect African Americans
Johnson's Reconstruction overridden by Radical Republican Reconstruction

Used grants for federal government

Abolishes slavery

Johnson makes speeches against Republicans
Horrible failure

South divided in to five military districts
Confederate debt repudiated
Republicans control South when South is readmitted into the Union

United States government pushes Native Americans onto reserves to attempt to prevent fighting been white frontiersmen and Native Americans

Grant waves Bloody Shirt Campaign, anti-Southern Democrats
Grant wins on landslide, 500,000 African-Americans vote

Impeached for Tenure of Office Act
Johnson replaced Secretary of War Edwin Stanton
Impeachment fails by few votes

Granted citizenship to former slaves

Rockefeller has undoubted monopoly in oil
Initially used for kerosene, then used for automobiles

Grant African-Americans the right to vote
Passed so Democrats could not issue legislation to remove it

Grant defeats Greely in a landslide

Allows for cattle warfare in Texas and Midwest

Located in Sioux Reservation

Custer fails Native American raid

Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana not redeemed
Two election results posted
Leads to Compromise of 1877

South threatens a new Civil War over Election of 1876
Ends Reconstruction of the South

Allowed for purchase of cheap desert land
Often led to fraudulent purchases and more land for rich or speculators

Ties labor to communism

Allowed individuals to buy cheap forest land
Abused by large lumber corporations

Henry George, socialist
Blamed social issues on monopolies

Edward Bellamy, socialist
Believed trusts owned by government could benefit the people

Passed in California
United States government pressured by Irish Americans

Attempts to regulate business
Wants to keep railroad prices down and at fair prices

Lawrence Gronlund, communist
Criticized capitalism

Police killed by anarchist group
Ends Knights of Labor, tied to communism and anarchism

Attempts to convert Native Americans into white society

Andrew Carnegie
Advocated for rich to donate money, would be taken by government if not spent, would manage money better than government

Carnegie had monopoly of steel industry

United States military massacres Native Americans in attempt to end threat of Native American united tribe

Carnegie's plant, calls Pinkertons

At start of depression
Led to railroad strike 1893-95

Led by Eugene Debs
Debs becomes leading socialist in jail

Combats monopolies
First attempt to break trusts

All progressive presidents preservationists
Develops National Park system

Grants Cuba its independence

1. Cuba cannot contract debt counteracting independence
2. U.S. can intervene if independence is impaired
3. Must provide U.S. with a naval base

Amended Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
Made it crime to have different rates for different customers
Hurt railroads
Hurts big business

Told Europeans to stay out of Americas
Backed by Britain
U.S. becomes tax collector
Wants to make life of 3rd-world-countries better
Impossible task

Strengthened federal regulation of railroads
Increased power of ICC
ICC had more range of power
ICC could reduce rates found unreasonable

Federal inspection of food
Government impacting business

The Jungle mostly responsible for this
Food may not be mislabeled

Passed by Taft
Taft did not want fight
Small tariff, large amendments
Angers country

ICC now overlooks telephone, telegraph, and cable

Income tax
Originally only for rich

Direct election of Senators by popular vote

Wilson strong president
Took out amendments

Anti-foreign-trusts act
Government interferes with foreign business

Strengthens Sherman Antitrust Act
Legalizes peaceful strikes: boycotts, picketing

Child labor law

Prohibition

Women's suffrage (right to vote)
Women are driving force behind this movement

Mints stopped making silver coins
Deflation

Formed in US because of Social Gospel
Faith/church in social reform
Religion and Reform go hand in hand

Chinese treated worst

Muckrakers
Only write about bad, ills of society
Ida Tarbell - Standard Oil, trusts
Lincoln Steffens - Child labor, social issues

Government corrupt
National debt should be paid
Workers cheated
Politicians ignore important issues
Government must own business to be fair
Income tax
Nationalize banks
Control railroads
Support unions, workers
No more Pinkerton men
Directly elect Senators
Interventionist appeals
Moves away from Laissez-Faire
Only want change that helps themselves

Major corporations went bankrupt
16,000 business went underwater
Stock market crash
Almost 500 banks closed
Wanted relief, but country did not change policies
Hurt Cleveland

Jacob Coxey
Unemployed march to Washington, DC

Segregation ruled legal but Supreme Court

Civil Rights leaders
Booker T. Washington - African-Americans work hard to gain trust of whites
Honorary Degree from Harvard, loved by whites
W. E. B. Du Bois - NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Equal rights for all, radical, not loved by whites
Marcus Garvey - Back to Africa movement
Ultimately fails without much support

William Jennings Bryan
From Nebraska
Denounces gold standard
Democratic and Populist nominee

Farmers not angry
Farmers doing well
Farmers vote for McKinley
Populist lose because they only want change for themselves

Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie members
Nativism - do not want competition
Wanted jobs to stay in America
Believed imperialism undermined Declaration on Independence

Coal miners on strike
Roosevelt calls meeting in White House
Threatens to break up trust
Workers get 10% more and 1 less hour per shift
First time government sides with workers

Only successful railroad
Privately owned
Broken up by Roosevelt
Officially broken by Supreme Court in 1904

Russo-Japanese war
Roosevelt takes both countries to U.S.
Both countries get less
Become angry at U.S.

Written about Chicago meat processing

146 dead
Public outrage
Calls for better working conditions

Panama originally part of Colombia
U.S. could put canal in Panama or Nicaragua

French company offered to sell in Panama
Volcanoes in Nicaragua
Colombia votes down treaty, wants more money
Roosevelt sends soldiers into Panama
French company assists revolt
U.S. recognizes Panama's independence
Eventually pays Colombia $25 M

Francis Ferdinand heir to throne of Austria
Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip
Princip part of Black Hand terrorist group of Serbia

Germany gives Austria blank check
Russia prepares for war against Austria and Germany
Russia allies with France (and England somewhat)
Germany attacks France first

Von Schlieffen Plan - crush France before Russia can mobilize
Germany assumes Italy will attack France
Italy stays neutral
Germany attacks Belgium
Britain allied with Belgium
Britain enters war

Germans circle Russians
German victory
Massive Russia defeat

Germans advance towards Paris
Fight at Marne River, France
Russia mobilizes 4 weeks faster
Germans send 40,000 to Russia
German line spread
French/English victory

Last Eastern battle not fought in Russia territory
Rest of war fought in Russia
Russia loses over 25,000 men

Located in Turkey
British attack on Turks
Tries to get supplies to Russia

Trench battle
France
Over 1 million dead
French victory

Germany sinks the Sussex
Had American citizens
Wilson threatens to go to war
Germany pulls out of submarine warfare

British led assault
Tries to relieve pressure on Verdun
Over 1 million dead
More deaths than Verdun
British and French victory

Many anti-war Germans in Midwest
Women enter workforce
African Americans migrate North
Compete with whites after war
Liberty Loans - war bonds

Formed to convince Americans war was just
Propaganda
Three Minute Men - gave speeches

1. Open diplomacy - no secret treaties
2. Freedom of seas - no blockades
3. Removal of economic barriers - no tariffs
4. Reduction of armaments - smaller armies and navies
5. Adjustment of colonial claims - presumed freedom
6. - 13. Territory changes
7. League of Nations - made to prevent war

Big Four: Wilson - US, George - Britain, Clemenceau - France, Orlando - Italy

First movie, silent film
Racist, banned at many colleges

Founded by Margaret Sanger
Women's rights activist
Favored birth control
Favored abortion
Strong racist, wanted to contain African-American population

Flappers - young women, considered scandalous
Broke free of restraints
Expressed newly-found freedoms
Drank alcohol, wore scandalous skirts

Red Scare - fear of communism
Bolsheviks main party in Russia
Marxian belief all countries much be communists
Nativism backs Red Scare
U.S. scared by immigrants from Italy, Ireland, and Eastern Europe

Killed 675,000 in U.S.
Killed 20 Million worldwide
Food Supplies low
Bad conditions
Flu spread easily, not much medication

A. Mitchell Palmer - attorney general
Deports suspected communists
Did not hold trial
Very popular at first
Claims there will be communist revolution on May Day
Held communists and anarchists without trial
Angered country
Revolution does not happen

Workers go on strike
Inflation after the war
More workers than jobs
Wages decrease
Communism blamed

Banned alcohol (Prohibition)
Wets want alcohol
Drys want Prohibition
Leads to rise in organized crime
Leads to rise in the mafia
Mafia profited from prostitution, prohibition, and gambling
Laundered money, made illegal money legal
Used legal business fronts

Al Capone - mafia as leader
Killed 50-70 people
Only could be charged with false tax returns

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
Italian immigrants
Anarchists
Supposedly robbed payroll
Put on trial with little evidence
Found guilty, was to receive death penalty
Electrocuted

5 Power Treaty - Battleships
U.S., Britain, Japan, France, Italy
U.S. and Britain allowed more battleships
U.S. does not want to spend money
Negotiates to lower amount of ships allowed
Japan does best
Japan gets U.S./Britain to not build forts in Pacific
Japan knows they must fight U.S./Britain to control Pacific
Leads to Japanese advantage in beginning of WWII

9 Power Treaty - Open Door Policy in China
U.S., Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Belguim, Netherlands, Portugal, China
Agrees to keep Open Door Policy/maintain integrity in China

4 Power Treaty - Status Quo
U.S., Britain, Japan, France
Agrees to keep status quo in China
Will not fight over land/power in East Asia

By Sinclair Lewis
Writes that middle class way of life is hypocritical
Main Street, Elmer Gantry

Albert Fall - Secretary of Interior
Navy has 2 strategic oil reserves
Gets Secretary of Navy to transfer reserves to Interior
Accepts $250,000 of bribes to open to oil companies

Daugherty Attorney General
Prohibition in place
Medical alcohol allowed in
Puts government seals on illegal alcohol
Allows illegal alcohol in country

Government to build Veteran's hospitals
Forbes sets up fake construction company
Awards building to fake company
Steals millions from government

Quotas on countries based off preexisting population
Proportioned immigration
Cut off immigrants from new groups
Leads to rise in KKK
Large in both the North and South
Against African-Americans, Catholics, and Jewish
Very active

Germany penalized financially after WWI
Germany cannot pay billions charged
Creates more money, inflation
U.S. banks lend Germany money
Germany creates new currency backed by U.S. dollar
Uses some money to pay reparations to England/France
England/France pay U.S. back
U.S. takes some money then lends it back to Germany
Germany's economy recovers, becomes strong

By Langston Hughes
Part of Harlem Renaissance, African-American arts movement
First major African-American writer
Writes about way of life for African-Americans

By F. Scott Fitzgerald
Symbolical writer
Writes about materially wealthy but morally bankrupt

Fought over fundamentalism
Fundamentalism - Theory of Evolution
Creationism vs. Evolution
Substitute teacher John Scopes
Taught evolution in Tennessee
American Civil Liberties Union member
Clarence Darrow vs. William Jennings Bryan
Bryan fundamentalist, self-proclaimed Bible expert
Bryan looks stupid
Dies one week later of a heart attack
Scopes found guilty
Triggered many political cartoons

By Ernest Hemingway
Writes about physically/emotionally devastated by WWI
Old Man and the Sea, For Whom the Bell Tolls, A Farewell to Arms

Spirit of St. Louis
Flies across Atlantic Ocean
33 hours 30 minutes
Has child kidnapped

First talking film

Germany's economic resurgence scares France
France comes to U.S.
France and U.S. sign pact outlawing war
Has basically no effect/power