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2055 BCE - 1650 BCE
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2000 BCE
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1900 BCE - 1400 BCE
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1650 BCE - 1550 BCE
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1600 BCE - 1178 BCE
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1550 BCE - 1069 BCE
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1350 BCE - 612 BCE
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fought often with HIttites
own cuneiform (sematic language)
Ashur- primary god (of war)- close relation with the king
warrior society
professional standing army
iron
calvary and moubted archers
seige welfare (dig under city walls so they collapse)
terror and submission
=ASSRYIANS AND THE ISREALITES (JEWS)=
early isrealite kings:
-Saul: conflict with David over slaves
David: conquered Jeursalem
Solomon: building of the great temple (division of land between the N kingdom of isreal and south)
=ASSRYIAN EMPIRE (7c BCE)=
egypt, syria, babalonia
=ASSYRIAN KINGSHIP=
king granted control, maintain natural balance
fighting and hunting (like Meso.)
expanding territory of Ashur
=METHODS OF CONTROL=
regional governors
deportation and assimilation
vassal states
messenger and road service
=ASSRYIAN LITERARY RECORD=
aramaic- international language of near east
Ashurbanipal's Library at Ninevah
=FAILURE OF THE ASSRYIANS=
overextention
resentment of conquered people
rebellion of multiple people; cities destroyed
-sacked by babylonians (Naboplassar)
1150 BCE - 800 BCE
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1046 BCE - 221 BCE
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1046 BC - 221 BC
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King Wu
- capital: Haojing
- Mandate of Heaven
Shang POV of Zhou- barbaric
King Wu destined to take the throne (Man. of Heaven)
brother: Duke of Zhou (capital: Luoyang)
Zhou control over Yellow Rivertrained nephew (son of Wu) who took the throne (good advisor and administrator
=WESTERN ZHOU=
similiar to Shang
soft state- depended on feudal relationship between ruler and surrounding territories
=EASTERN ZHOU=
shifted capital (Hao to Luo)
increase in power of frontier states
=SPRING AND AUTUMN PERIOD=
fragmentation and independence of frontier
increasing competition and borders
=WARRING STATES PERIOD=
Zhou dynasty split in 8 regions
constant fighting and warfare
=SUNZI AND ART OF WAR=
violent time
philosophy on art of welfare (deception)
requirements for successful general
=WARFARE=
calvary (battle on different terrains)
peasant conscription v early aristocratic warfare
forced to join army by local rule (larger armies)
city walls and seize welfare
catapults, ballista, territorial boundary walls, seige towers
=100 SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT=
Confucius
conflict and ideas
intellectual movement due to intense conflict
=BELIEFS=
Daoism (taoism)- naturalistic philosophy
coming into harmony with the natural world/nature
ying and yang
Legalism- political philosophy
people are lazy/ bad, need law to guide them, system requires highly trained administrators and generals
from Shang Yang (Quin dynasty) and Han Feizi
legal ideals with reward system
social outcomes: attack on aristocratic privilege, state over fam, local ties, increase on education and training, system self sustaining while king maintains aura of authority
1000 BCE - 500 BCE
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state formation
reemergence of civilization
expansion into Ganges plain
development of iron
Janapada- kindgoms
professional armies
trade
writing reappears (Sanscript language)
early Hindu emerging- Upanishads
NOTE: [6th c BCE] 600 BCE to 501 BCE (approx.) rise of Buddahism (counter to Hinduism)
800 BCE - 500 BCE
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//Rise of Polis (800-850 BCE)//
greeks declining as power
new writing, increase in agriculture
law codes and constitutions (law codes of Dreros)
oligarchy; rule by elites
tyranny; rule by single person, often by support of commoners
=GREEK COMMON CAUSE=
shared language
religious pantheon
frequent seasonal fighting bw city states
Pan-Hellenic religious festivals and games
regional identities
800 BCE - 701 BCE
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created by Tiglath-Pileser 3
770 BCE - 256 BCE
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753 BC - 509 BC
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7 kings (3 Etruscians)
military, judicial and legislative authority
infrastructure and institutions -sewage, city walls, census
chief preist (PONTIFEX MAXIMUS)
=ROMAN VALUES=
patria potestas- power of the father; has power over wife and children
mos maiorum- ancestral custom; recognition of ancestors- carrying on the traditions
Romanitas- manliness; religious piety, seriousness, strength
=END OF ROMAN MONARCHY=
Sextus Tarquinius
-son of Etruscian king, fought with Roman elite over whose wife is more virtuous. Lucretia asks L Junis Brutis to kill Sextus, then kills self.
722 BC - 476 BC
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612 BCE - 539 BCE
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Nebuchadnezzar 2
- reclaiming Mesopotamian past
- glorifying Babylon
High priest- building of Ur
expanding opulation
Ishtar Gate (depiction of animals)
hanging gardens
=BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY=
Neb 2 and conquest of Judah
loss of great temple of Jeurasalem
-destroyed
- majority of population had to move to Babylon
- messiah "the savior"
586 BCE - 539 BCE
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=BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY=
Neb 2 and conquest of Judah
loss of great temple of Jeurasalem
-destroyed
- majority of population had to move to Babylon
- messiah "the savior"
551 bce - 479 bce
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King Fuzi "master Kong"
political model: Duke of Zhou
political teacher and career
Analects
what a ruler should be; in search for a great leader
ritual and custom
lack of interest in spirits and gods
539 BCE - 330 BCE
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Indo-european
initially fell under assryian Empire
capital Ecbatana
- persians and Medes inhabited (Medes- indo euro that were closely related to the persians)
=CYRUS II (THE GREAT)=
emergence of persian power
related to Medes
uprising against Medes (his own grandpa)
multiethnic empire
lydians: first coins
=CYRUS (THE GENEROUS)=
RELIGIOUS FREEEEEDDDOOOOMMMMM
Judeo-christian tradition
model for later leaders
=HUMAN RIGHTS=
Cambyses 2 and conquest of Egypt
- Cyrus's son, religious persecution
=SUCCESSORS=
Cambyses 2, Darius 1, Xerxes 1
=NEW RELIGION=
Zoroastrianiam
- Ahura MAzda and Ahriman (good v bad)
=CONTROL OVER 4 CORNERS=
traveling capitals
deportation
regional governors- Satrapy
Royal road and postal system
conscript army (called upon regional armies from of the all empire)
airmedes (spelling??)- administrative language
509 BCE - 30 BCE
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Res privata- private thing
Res publica- public thing
division of powers
- 2 consuls (annually)
- 100-300 Senate- foreign affairs
- popular assemblies- voting people into office and deciding if going to war
=CONFLICT IN ORDERS IN EARLY REPUBLIC=
patricians; elites
plebeians; commoners
plebeians leave city- going on strike
12 tables
licino sextian law
plebeian office of Tribune
plebescites and Hortensian law
500 BCE - 323 BCE
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Hellenic period
Sparta and Athens
=SPARTAN CONQUESTS=
decendents of Dorian people
territorial conquests- Messenian War
-invaded Messenians
-helots (Former Messenians, Spartan slaves)
-Lycurgus and the Spartan Great Rhetra ( proclamation of the Spartan political constitution)
=SPARTAN MILITARY=
closed to outsiders
Dual monarchy (generousia- council of elders) and Spartiate Assembly (Ephors)
agoge- military education system
closed military society due to fear of helot uprising
part of Peloponnesian League (Sparta and allies in Peloponnese region)
=ATHENS=
open to outsiders
port city
Dracos Law code
-reformed in 594 BCE
abolished debt slavery and established assembly
foundation for democracy
=ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY=
peisistratid tyranny (562-510 BCE)
-pirates, estab festivals for Athenian identity
Cleistenes' reforms
-aristocrat; rise out of true democracy in Athens
- breaking traditional Athenian grouping; lower class can partake in elite assembly
preventing tyranny: ostracism (banish for 10 yrs)
popular democracy: everyone has equal voice
499 BCE - 493 BCE
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1.
Xerxies 1 convinced Persians to go on expidition- failed
tyrant wanted to stay in power- Ionian Revolt (Greek Ionia)
Athenian support and failure
2.
Daruis 1 and Athens
city states v conscript army
Battle of Marathon
Athenian- allies (inc Spartans)
3.
Xerxes 1 expedition
Thermopylae (Spartan Sacrifice)
Athenian Sacrifice
Battle of Salamis (479 BCE)
Battle of Plataea (479 BCE)
490 BCE
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part of Greco Persian War
480 BCE - 479 BCE
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part of Greco Persian War
476 BCE - 221 BCE
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450 BCE
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ROMAN REPUBLIC
Rome codified laws and posted them publicly
431 BCE - 404 BCE
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30 yr war between Athens and Sparta
Spartan allies; Peloponnesians, persians
Athenian allies: Greek Ionia
Sparta beats Athens in 404 BCE; made Athens tear down walls.
427 BCE
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city: Epidamnus
Corcyra allies with Athens, Corinth allies with Sparta.
Athens and Sparta at war
401 BCE
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Xenophon and the 10,000
Cyrus leads army of mercenaries into battle against brother, Xenophon.
- Cyrus dies in battle; mercenaries stuck in brothers territory- escaped
399 BCE - 398 BCE
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Socrates put on trial for the corruption of the youth
390 BCE
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Rise of Gauls
- defensive aggression vs aristocratic ambition= territorial conquest
=METHODS OF CONTROL=
military colonies, Roman footprint to introduce and integrate conquered places
citizenship to local elites
recognizing some rights
367 BCE
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One consul must be plebeian
359 BCE - 336 BCE
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Macedonians- (Greek POV- backwards) dialect of Greek
-partiers and alcoholics
kingdom/ monarchy
takes throne in 360 BCE after taking throne from nephew
polygamy (marriages and alliances)
military innovator (sarissa- new spear)
=MACEDONIAN ARMY=
sarissa
companion calvary (nobles/royals)
hammer and anvil
PROFESSIONAL ARMY!!
338 BCE
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Greek states fall under Macedonian control
EXCEPT SPARTA
336 BCE - 323 BCE
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Alexander "the great"
- son of Olympias (mom) and Phillip 2 (dad)
mom- avid worshipper of Dionysus and princess of Epirus
- sided with mom (mamas boy)
- competed with dads successes for glory and honor
- tutored by Aristotle
ideal state v ideal rule
pambasileus- ones virtue/ excellence so superior justification for kingship, not democracy or oligarchy.
=ALEXANDERS CAMPAIGN=
traveling and conquest of land
Hellenization- adoption of Greek cultural traditions by non-greeks
=ALEXANDERS LEGACY=
divided empire- helleistic empire
no heir
divine monarchy
greek rulers adopting native ruling traditions (hellenization)
323 BCE - 30 BCE
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helllenization: adopting the greek culture in non greek cultures by nature
=SELEUCIDS=
inheritors of Achaemenid persians
persian marriage
satrapy system (regional governors (??))
religious tolerance EXCEPT TO MACCABEES!
Aramaic- local language
local admin.
=GRECO-BACTRIAN KINGDOM=
agriculturally fertile region
multiple rivers
capital: Ai Khanoum
- exceptionally Greek
- propyae
- traditional Greek education
- Delphic Maxiums
- philosophical writings of Aristotle
322 BCE - 185 BCE
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Chandragupta Maurya
- vacuum of Alexanders campaign
conquest of small indian kingdom along Indus River
took come of throne after Alexanders death
- established own kingdom in Magadha
- 305 BCE
treaty with Seleucus 1; sel. had to give up land
Kautilya- strategist
Ashoka (grandson of Chandragupta)
- change of religion due to conquest
- converted to buddhism
- fall of empire
300 BCE
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ROMAN REPUBLIC
veto power
287 BCE
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Plebeians have legislative power over Senate
284 BCE - 30 BCE
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ROMAN REPUBLIC
name change: Octavian to Augustus ("illustrious one")
titles undercover for emperor
- princeps senatus: first man of senate; puts forward own legislation, opinion
- princeps ciritatis: first citizen
- Tribune for Life: ability to hold veto power and run agenda for Senate
division of providences (bt self and senate)
established Roman military colonies
roman footprint- Romanization
control of grain supply (good will of the poor)
pater patriae- father
pontifex maximus- chief priest
reestablishment of Roman power abroad
268 BCE
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264 BC - 146 BC
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fighting: Antigonids, Selekids and Ptolemies
established Rome as Mediterranean power
not continual (3 wars)
Rome- successful conquest of southern greek city states
conflict: between Selecuids and Greeks
- seleukids call on allies to boot mercinaries out
- occurs on Sicily
romans built ships; planked on other ships (Carthegian ships)
conquered Sicily and other places by end of war
256 BCE - 195 BCE
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peasant king
legalism
low administrative office
in charge of group of convicts to make tomb of aug emp.
convicts escaped, made army
became emperor of Han Dynasty
confucian in appearance, legalistic in reality
Han synthesis- combo of two idealologies; legalism, daoism, confucianism
=HAN GOVERNMENT=
confucian elements
Mandate of HEaven
Qin laws relaxed
ritual, palaces, tombs (ancestral worship)
legalistic elements
penalties still harsh
exalted emperor
bureaucracy and meritocracy (imperial academy)
=HAN ADMIN=
imperial academy
train future admin
founded b Han Wudi
confucius curriculum
exams
paper developed!!
graduates- scholar gentry
state confucianism
ethics and legalistic effectiveness
=FOREIGN POLICY=
expansionist ideologies
=XIONGNU=
nomadic people
frequent contact with Han
Treaty of Gaozu
lost 1st significant battle that lead to peaceful treaty
=HAN WUDI=
founder of imperial academy
established professional army to beat Xiongnu
increased taxes
outside calgary
first control over central Asia
silk road
=METHODS OF CONTROL=
frontier defenses
territorial divisions
agricultural ideology
agricultural military colonies
imperial road system
deportation
=INTERREGNUM=
Wang Mang
related to royal fam
claims right to rule (Mand of Heaven)
begins rebellion
creates support (legitamacy)
Yellow river shifts course (AHHHH NO)
=LATE HAN PROBLEMS=
military changes
peasant dissatisifaction
lower class revolts
Daoist faith and millenarianism
fall of Han
247 BCE - 210 BCE
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name change: "August Emperor"
territorial expansion
conquered major Chinese states by 221 BCE
1ST EMPEROR OF CHINA
=SHAPING CHINA=
unified china
expanded legalistic structure
providences; 48 commanderies
- civil commander: day to day official
- military commander
feudalism abolished
unified writing and universal coinage
infrastructure:
roads, canals, walls connected
taxation and corvee labor
forced peasants and convicts to work
taxed for infrastructure
=REWRITING HISTORY=
burned books
reshape memory of past, especially older dynasty
=DESIRED LEGACY=
terra cotta warriors
next life reestablished whats in this life
=DOWNFALL=
aristocracy abolished: angry aristocracy
corvee labor: angry peasants
son of August Emperor
inept, killed self
centralized, beucratic, autocratic (legalistic) rule
221 BCE - 206 BCE
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rise due to Warring states period
legalistic structure
abolishment of aristocracy
land of aristocrats spread amongst poor
increase militarization
218 BCE - 202 BCE
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conflict in Spain; Romans and Carthage over treaty
violation of treaty in Iberia
- Hannibal leads army to Italian Penninsula
-Romans won
roman general; Scipio Africanus
Cardige general: Hannibal
146 BCE
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End of Punic Wars
Rome- Mediterrian power, Iberian Peninsula, Greece
133 BCE
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133 BCE - 27 BCE
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elite conflicts
-optimates; elites, old partician class and political viewpoint and actions
-populares; elites, programs for poor/pheasants
armies and generals
- don't own land, cannot to war/ be in army therefore overturned law
122 BCE
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88 BCE - 87 BCE
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"Rise of the Strong Man"
Marius
- took on soldiers w/o land (illegally); led to their loyalty
- took oaths of loyalty personally
Sulla
- leutienent of Marius
- captured somone at Geugartha
- Marius angry at Sulla's popularity
throws Sulla out of Italy
- had soldiers march on Roman ground (sulla)
each conflict: increase loot, increase power of either Sulla or Marius
60 BCE - 53 BCE
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Pompey Magnus
-supported Sulla (one of the strong men in the "rise of the strong men")
Crassus "Dives"
-black sheep
Julius Caesar
- relative to Marius
49 BCE - 44 BCE
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Caesar comes from Gaul to Rome
- Senate denounces his conquest of Gaul
Pompey given senatorial charge of legion
- killed at order of Polimy the 8th
44 BCE
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43 BCE - 33 BCE
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Caesar's heir
Octavian (36-14 BCE); Caesar's CHOSEN heir
Marcus Lepidus
Marcus Antonius
31 BCE
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27 BCE - 68 CE
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Four rulers: Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero
=TIBERIUS=
Augustus' step son
=CALIGULA=
1st assassinated emperor
counsel, sexual depravity, restoring republic
=CLADIUS=
ok emperor
=NERO=
senate/elite turned against him- assassinated
sexual depravity, artist, tried killing mother and pregnant wife
no close relatives- civil war over throne (year of four emperors)
27 BCE - 180 CE
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period between Julio-Claudian and end of 5 good emperors
-golden age of Roman empire
Roman Peak
- continual peace (for most part)
- no walls in Mediterranean
-concepts of world rule
27 BCE - 385 CE
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timeline estimate!!
roman legion; strongest unit of army
heavy infantry men
calgary; heavy brute, messengers
medics
engineers
felxibility
able to split into legions
centurions
auxillaries
Roman allies fighting along Roman Legion
NON ROMANS!
=ROMANIZATON=
provincial governers
language; latin
eastern half of med. greek, western half of med. latin
military colonies
client kings
edges of Roman empire
infrastructure
Roman Road system improved, mile marker, water supply (aqueducts, irrigation) the Baths, coinage
entertainment
gladiators, the Games, naval battle mock, animal hunts
frontier
posts that protect trade routes from southern Arabia (Qasr Bshir, Jordan)
Vindolanda
being roman on the frontier (bath houses, commander house)
religious borrowings
built by other people (Syrians)
borrowing gods/dieties from people fighting (celtic godesses)
moving people away from native lands-no political problems, integration into the empire
deportation v mobilization
citizenship
property, legal property/protection, write wills
buy into Roman culture
69 CE - 96 CE
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after year of four emperors (one came out on top: Vespasian)
Three rulers: Vespasian, titus, Domitian
=VESPASIAN=
not related to Nero
survived civil war
colosseum in Rome
=TITUS=
son of Vespasian
popular
=DOMITIAN=
Titus's younger brother
assassinated
led to reign of five good emperors
96 CE - 192 CE
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five emperors: Nerva, Trajam, Harian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius
=NERVA=
established Roman elite
succession model- choosing established leaders to preceed you (not family)
=TRAJAN=
territorial expansion
=HADRIAN=
great administrator
established Trojan's frontiers
193 CE - 235 CE
% complete
not Roman!
after 3rd c Crisis!!
emperor (name not important) won out of year of 5 emperors
paid off army for political support
doesn't get along with the Senate
212 BCE: citizenship to all males in Roman Empire
more taxes
last emperor assassinated in 235 BCE
=-284 BCE- BARRAKS EMPERORS=
lots of emperors; killed in battle or assassinated
275 BCE: Aurelian walls built in Rome (WEAKNESS)
last barrak emperor: Diocletian
=DIOCLETIAN=
end of princeps (first man of Senate)
princeps-> dominus (lord and master)
no more hiding actual position behind 'misleading' name
division of power ( E and W emperors with jr. emperor)
leading men closer to frontiersless invasions, prevention of overthrow of power
235 CE - 284 CE
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Commodus new emperor after father (Marcus Aurealius)
not a good emperor
assassinated
led to year of 5 emperors (192 BCE)
284 CE - 305 CE
% complete
=DIOCLETIAN=
end of princeps (first man of Senate)
princeps-> dominus (lord and master)
no more hiding actual position behind 'misleading' name
division of power ( E and W emperors with jr. emperor)- TETRARCHY
leading men closer to frontiersless invasions, prevention of overthrow of power