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Use Cases
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Resources
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Pricing
250 BC - 100 BC
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0 AD - 32 AD
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30 AD - 99 AD
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1Clement to Corinthians 44:2 - Apostolic succession; 57:2 - Conditional Security;
Corinth is on the eastern side of Greece, near Constantinople.
32 AD - 100 AD
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32 AD
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34 AD
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35 AD - 107 AD
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3rd Bishop of Antioch; hearer of John the Apostle; To the Magnesians IX-Sunday Worship; To the Smyrneans VII - The Eucharist IS the body of Jesus; Only the Bishop can give permission to serve communion or baptize; To the Philadelphians III - If any man follows a schismatic, he doesn't inherit the kingdom of God (conditional security)
35 AD
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35 AD - 95 AD
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37 AD
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40 AD - 60 AD
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40 AD
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42 AD
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42 AD
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44 AD
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50 AD
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50 AD - 63 AD
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Acts 9:2, 19:9, 19:23, 24:14, 24:22
50 AD - 100
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Didache
50 AD - 100
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Didache
50 ad - 100
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Didache Actually taught confessing to God in the Presence of the whole church
50 AD
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Gentiles can join the church without Circumcision. Paul, Peter and James in Jerusalem. Peter advised James on how to resolve the gentile question. James made the decision Peter and Paul in Jerusalem for Council of Jersusalem (most likely concerning the gentile converts in Antioch.)
50 AD - 100 AD
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Fragments have been found in Greek, Coptic, Ethiopian, and a complete Gregorian; Referenced in Barnabas 18-20; 4th century Apostolic Church Order; Helped serve as a distinction between Christians and Jews in worship practices
50 AD - 100
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Didache
50 AD - 100
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Didache
51 AD
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51 AD - 51 AD
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51 AD - 257
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53 AD
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54 AD
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56 AD
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57 AD
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57 AD
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59 AD
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60 AD
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60 AD - 130 AD
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61 AD
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61-63?
61 AD
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61-63?
61 AD
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61-63?
61 AD
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61-63?
61 AD
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61-63?
62 AD
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63 AD
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63-64?
63 AD
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63 AD
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63-64?
63 AD
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63-64?
63 AD
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63 AD
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63 AD
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64 AD
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64-65?
64 AD - 68 AD
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65 AD
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65-66?
65 AD
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66 AD
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66-67?
67 AD
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67 AD
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Martyred after fire during reign of Nero;
67 AD
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Martyred after fire during reign of Nero in Rome; His letters say they were written from Babylon.
68 AD
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69 Ad - 230
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Origen
69 AD - 155 AD
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Ordained by John the Apostle; Phillipians XI - If a man refrain not from covetousness, he shall be defiled by idolatry, and shall be judged as one of the Gentiles who know not the judgement of the lord.; At Polycarp's Martyrdom he says he served Jesus his whole life, infers infant baptism but not conclusively
70 AD - 100 AD
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72 AD
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72 AD
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73 AD
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74 AD
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75 AD
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75 AD
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80 AD - 100
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Ignatius 106
https://onefold.wordpress.com/early-church-evidence-refutes-real-presence/
Irenaeus 180 supports.
Clement of Alexandria 195 - Refutes?
Tertullian 200 - Refutes?
81 AD - 96 AD
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95 AD
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96 AD
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Schism in the church of corinth;
Ch 56 - For in this way they shall secure a fruitful and perfect remembrance from us, with sympathy for them, both in our prayers to God, and our mention of them to the saints.
Ch 57 - For it is better for you that you should occupy a humble but honourable place in the flock of Christ, than that, being highly exalted, you should be cast out from the hope of His people. (Conditional Security)
Ch 59 - If, however, any shall disobey the words spoken by Him through us, let them know that they will involve themselves in transgression and serious danger; but we shall be innocent of this sin, and, instant in prayer and supplication, shall desire that the Creator of all preserve unbroken the computed number of His elect in the whole world through His beloved Son Jesus Christ
98 AD - 98 AD
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100
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100 AD - 321 AD
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100 AD
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100 - 220
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Papias of Hierapolis (died. c. 160s)
Valentinus (c. 100 c. 160)
Quadratus of Athens (fl. 124/125)
Basilides (died c. 132)
Aristides the Athenian (died c. 133 or fl. c. 140)
Aristo of Pella (fl. c. 140)
Marcion (c. 110 c. 160)
Justin Martyr (c. 110 c. 165)
Hegesippus (c. 110 180)
Melito of Sardis (died c. 180)
Athenagoras of Athens (c. 133 c. 190)
Dionysius of Corinth (fl. c. 171)
Heracleon (fl. c. 175)
Apollinaris Claudius (fl. c. 177)
Ptolemy (fl. c. 180)
Pantaenus (died c. 200)
Irenaeus of Lyons (died c. 202)
Apollonius of Ephesus (fl. c. 180 c. 210)
Serapion of Antioch (died 211)
Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 211 or 216)
Bardaisan (154 222/3)
Tertullian (c. 160 c. 220)
106
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110 - 140
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110 AD - 150 AD
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117 - 138
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117 AD - 117 AD
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120 AD - 185 AD
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130 AD - 165 AD
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133 AD - 190 AD
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137 AD
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Addressed at first council of nicea in nicean creed
140 - 419
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140 AD
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10 Pauline letters, plus his own version of Luke
140 AD - 160 AD
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150 AD
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150 AD - 211 AD
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150 AD
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150 AD
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150 AD
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150 AD - 150 AD
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155 AD
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155 AD
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155 AD
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155 AD
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155 AD
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155 AD
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155
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156 AD
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Phrygria/Turkey - Bishop of Rome declared Heresy and Excommunicated Them
156 AD - 193 AD
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Victor, Bishop of Rome, was going to excommunicate churches in Asia-Minor over when Easter was celebrated. The bishops in Asia-Minor had rejected Victor's authority to compel them to change when Easter was celebrated. Other bishops intervened and convinced him not to.
156 - 1059
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160 AD - 225 AD
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160 AD
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160 AD - 254 AD
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Origin and Tertullian explicitly referenced; Ignatious(105AD), Polycarp(135AD), and Justin Martyr(155AD) alluded to "divine three"
161 AD - 165 AD
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161 AD - 180 AD
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165 AD
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170 - 220
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Tertullian in 220; Abercius of Hieropolis in Phrygia (latter part of the 2nd century) bears the inscription: Let every friend who observes this pray for me, i.e. Abercius, who throughout speaks in the first person.; 2nd Maccabees 12:43-45 states that it is holy to pray for the dead (2nd Maccabees is in the greek bible but not the protestant one)
170 - 320
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Minucius Felix (2nd or 3rd century)
Caius, Presbyter of Rome (early 3rd century)
Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170 c. 236)
Origen of Alexandria (c. 184 254)
Sabellius (fl. c. 215)
Cyprian (died 258)
Novatian (c. 200 258)
Paul of Samosata (c. 200 c. 275)
Dionysius of Alexandria (died 265)
Gregory Thaumaturgus (c. 213 c. 270)
Methodius of Olympus (died c. 311)
Lucian of Antioch (c. 240 312)
Lactantius (c. 240 c. 320)
177 AD
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180 AD
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180 AD
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180 AD
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180 AD - 202 AD
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180 AD
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Sites 21 NT Muratorian Canon NT Books
180 AD - 350 AD
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1 Clement 56 - For in this way they shall secure a fruitful and perfect remembrance from us, with sympathy for them, both in our prayers to God, and our mention of them to the saints.
Then I looked, and I heard the voice of many angels around the throne, the living creatures, and the elders; and the number of them was ten thousand times ten thousand, and thousands of thousands, who praised the Lord. (Rev 5:11)
Our communion in prayer with the saints is the realization of the bond between Christians on earth and the Heavenly Church. (Heb 12:22-23)
We fly to your patronage,
O holy Mother of God,
despise not our petitions
in our necessities,
but deliver us from all dangers.
O ever glorious and blessed Virgin. - Sub Tuum Praesidium (250 A.D.)
For St. Irenaeus, Mary is an "Advocate," or interceding helper, for Eve and for her salvation. (7) St. Gregory Thaumaturgis (d.350) depicts Mary interceding for those on earth from her position in Heaven. (8)
180 AD
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180 AD
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184 - 253
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Origen's canon included all of the books in the current New Testament canon except for four books: James, 2nd Peter, and the 2nd and 3rd epistles of John. Included Sheperd of Hermes
185 AD
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185 AD
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185 AD
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185 AD - 254 AD
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190 AD
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193 - 299
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Shortly after Synod of Ephesus in 193
193
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193
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195 AD
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200 AD
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200 AD
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200 AD
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omits Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1/2Peter, 3 John; includes Wisdom of Solomon, Apocolyps of Peter
200 AD - 258 AD
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200 AD
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200 AD
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202 AD - 215 AD
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202 AD
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202 AD
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202 AD - 202 AD
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215 AD
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225 AD
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230 AD
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244 AD
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245 AD
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247 AD - 258 AD
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249 AD - 251 AD
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251 AD
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254 AD
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First claim in writing; Stephen claimed to be bishop of bishops to the North African bishops and that he had authority concerning the validity of baptism of those baptised by heretics.
254 AD
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(Apostates not welcome back into the church); Addressed by Synod of Carthage in the West
254 AD
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254 AD
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Southwest of Rome - only bishops and priests from the area
Baptism by splinter groups/heretics are invalid; Bishop of Rome (Stephen I) claimed to be bishop of bishops which strained relations between bishop of carthage and bishop of rome; The issue of valid baptisms was to be addressed later at the First Council of Nicea
254 - 431
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Origen 254
257
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257 AD - 257 AD
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258 AD
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260 AD - 265 AD
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297 AD
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300
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312 - 787
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St. Epiphanius of Salamis objects in 315
313
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320
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321 AD
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SACRAMENTS
Infant Baptism
Baptismal Regeneration
Transubstantiation
Closed Communion
Eucharist as a Sacrifice
Confession in front of the church
CHRISTOLOGY
Trinity
Nicea Concepts
WORSHIP/ADMINISTRATION
Worship on Sunday
Bishops/Presbytyrs/Deacons
Canonical Books of Bible (including OT "apocrypha")
Common Liturgy
MARIOLOGY
Mary died normal death
Mary as Theotokos (mother of God)
OTHERS
Conditional Security
Veneration of Icons
Prayers for the Reposed/Dead
Fasting Wed and Fri
Intercession of Reposed Saints
321
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321 - 700
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324 - 364
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324
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"Let there be placed among the spurious works the Acts of Paul, the so-called Shepherd and the Apocalypse of Peter, and besides these the Epistle of Barnabas, and what are called the Teachings of the Apostles, and also the Apocalypse of John, if this be thought proper; for as I wrote before, some reject it, and others place it in the canon."
324 - 583
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325
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325
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Athanasious
325 - 787
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331 - 367
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27 Books of NT; Septuagint for OT; Septuagint included what protestants consider apocryphal
331
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Codex Sinaiticus (appears to be LXX) and Codex Vaticanus (used LXX) are possible surviving examples of these Bibles; NT included Epistle of Barnabas and Shepherd of Hermes
331
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350 AD
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Includes Shepherd of Hermes and Epistle of Barnabas in NT; uses LXX in old Testament; omits Baruch, but includes 4 Maccabees from LXX
350 AD
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Missing 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, and Revelation; lacks 1 4 Maccabees but includes 1 Esdras from LXX
363 AD
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30 clerics
Considered Judaizing to rest on Saturday instead of Sunday; Forbade reading non-canonical books in church. There is a canon60 that came out of the meeting that lists the current protestant bible but it is questionable as to whether canon 60 originally existed. Decrees Death to those who don't observe Sunday as the Lord's Day; Biblical Canon (didn't include Revelation)
366
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Constantine commissioned bibles from Eusebius; Damasus commissioned bibles shortly thereafter from Jerome;
Council of Constantinople called by Constantine (not attended by West)
Council of Rome called by Damasus I (not attended by East)
367
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Used word "canonized" in regards to them; Athanasius also included the Book of Baruch, as well as the Letter of Jeremiah, in his Old Testament canon. However, from this canon, he omitted the book of Esther.
367
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367
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Doesn't include Revelation
379
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380
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381 AD
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382 AD
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Affirms 27 books of NT....maybe not sure what this one was about
382
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Included Deuterocanonical Books: Pope Damasus List (382)
Tobit.
Judith.
Esther.
Ezra, ij. books.
Macchabees, ij. books.
383 - 408
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Virtually fixes 27 NT Book Canon in the West, Jerome went against Augustine's view and used Hebrew OT (no deuterocanonical books) not LXX (includes deuterocanonical books). Superceded the previous version "Venus Latina" which used LXX; 405-408 the Greek OT books not in the Hebrew OT were added to the Latin Vulgate by Jerome in his next revision
383
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Compiled and Translated by Jerome for Pope in West
Use of Hebrew OT (OT in Protestant Bible Today) vs LXX caused a big stir between Jerome and Augustine. The Hebrew OT doesn't include the deuterocanonical books in LXX.
385
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393 - 419
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Augustine already considered the books "Canonized";
393
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Included Deuterocanonical Books: Pope Damasus List (382)
Tobit.
Judith.
Esther.
Ezra, ij. books.
Macchabees, ij. books.
396 - 430
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Original Sin; Baptismal Regeneration; Perseverance of the Saints/OSAS; Predestination;
397 AD
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Agrees with Council of Hippo
397
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Included Deuterocanonical Books: Pope Damasus List (382)
Tobit.
Judith.
Esther.
Ezra, ij. books.
Macchabees, ij. books.
400 AD
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400
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Water that has been prayed over for baptism and whatnot - EO Doctrine
402
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Jerome's letter to Eustochium, in which Jerome quotes Sirach 13:2.[30] Elsewhere Jerome apparently also refers to Baruch, the Story of Susannah and Wisdom as scripture.; In his prologue to Judith, without using the word canon, he mentioned that Judith was held to be scriptural by the First Council of Nicaea.; What sin have I committed in following the judgment of the churches? But when I repeat what the Jews say against the Story of Susanna and the Hymn of the Three Children, and the fables of Bel and the Dragon, which are not contained in the Hebrew Bible, the man who makes this a charge against me proves himself to be a fool and a slanderer; for I explained not what I thought but what they commonly say against us. (Against Rufinus, II:33 [AD 402]).
431 AD
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451
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minus Oriental Orthodox - 520 attendees
Oriental Orthodox don't recognize; Nestorian heresy;
Canon 28: The bishop of New Rome shall enjoy the same honour as the bishop of Old Rome, on account of the removal of the Empire. For this reason the [metropolitans] of Pontus, of Asia, and of Thrace, as well as the Barbarian bishops shall be ordained by the bishop of Constantinople.
484 - 519
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Eastern Church in Constantinople in Miaphysite heresy. (Oriental Orthodox believe this definition of Jesus) Divine and Human nature of Jesus united in one nature.
502
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519
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526
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529
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affirmed Augustinian theology; against semi-Pelagianism
553
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minus Oriental Orthodox - 152 attendees
Nestorian heresy; Origenism heresy
593
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600
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607
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632 - 1204
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680
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minus Oriental Orthodox - 300 attendees
Monotheletism Heresy; Human and divine wills of Jesus
709
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717 - 867
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787
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minus Oriental Orthodox - 350 attendees 2 from West
Iconoclasm
787
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800
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Gave the West back power that it hadn't had in a long time
836 - 867
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Emperor deposed Patriarch of Constantinople and replaced him with Photius. Bishop Nicholas of Rome rejected Photius and reinstated Ignatius. The Bishops in the East declared Nicholas a heretic and declared him deposed. Both Nicholas and the Emperor died; Photius was replaced by Ignatius. This whole thing was about Rome wanting authority over Bulgaria and Constantinople not giving it to him.
869
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not ecumenical/ Excludes East
879
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Not truly ecumenical/ Excludes West
896 - 897
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896 - 1048
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897 - 911
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955 - 964
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962 - 1835
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985 - 996
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995
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998
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1022
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1032 - 1048
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1054
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Not bishop vs bishop but legate vs bishop, not a true split; tit for tat - leavened bread vs unleavened bread for greek churches in sicily and for latin churches in Turkey, disagreement over papal authority outside of diocese, the filoque. Rome started by forcing greek churches to use unleavened bread in Eucharist in Sicily; East responded by forcing Latin churches in Turkey to use leavened bread and closed them down upon refusal.
1059 - 2016
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Not bishop vs bishop but legate vs bishop, not a true split; tit for tat - leavened bread vs unleavened bread for greek churches in sicily and for latin churches in Turkey, disagreement over papal authority outside of diocese, the filoque. Rome started by forcing greek churches to use unleavened bread in Eucharist in Sicily; East responded by forcing Latin churches in Turkey to use leavened bread and closed them down upon refusal.
1059 AD - 2016 AD
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Not bishop vs bishop but legate vs bishop, not a true split; tit for tat - leavened bread vs unleavened bread for greek churches in sicily and for latin churches in Turkey, disagreement over papal authority outside of diocese, the filoque. Rome started by forcing greek churches to use unleavened bread in Eucharist in Sicily; East responded by forcing Latin churches in Turkey to use leavened bread and closed them down upon refusal.
1090
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1095 - 1453
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1095 - 1567
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1098
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1123
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1184 - 1834
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1204 - 1453
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Constant attacks by West and Ottomans
1204 - 1261
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1215
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1215
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1215
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1217
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1243 - 1254
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1268
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1274
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West occupied Constantinople at this time
The eastern representatives affirmed latin doctrine of the filioque, papal supremacy, etc at both the Second Council of Lyon and the Council of Florence. Under threat of Muslim Invasion
1378 - 1389
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1439
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East(Constantinople) - surrounded by Ottomans
The eastern representatives affirmed latin doctrine of the filioque, papal supremacy, etc at both the Second Council of Lyon and the Council of Florence.
Under threat of Muslim Invasion
East/West Schism; Western Schism; Hussites; All of the Eastern Bishops except Mark of Ephesus submitted to papal supremacy in order to get Rome to help against the Invading Ottomans. Authority not accepted so Rome didn't help.
1453 - 1923
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Corruption of the Eastern Church leadership.
The Orthodox Church found itself subject to the Ottoman system of corruption. The patriarchal throne was frequently sold to the highest bidder, while new patriarchal investiture was accompanied by heavy payment to the government. In order to recoup their losses, patriarchs and bishops taxed the local parishes and their clergy.
Nor was the patriarchal throne ever secure. Few patriarchs between the fifteenth and the nineteenth centuries died a natural death while in office. The forced abdications, exiles, hangings, drownings, and poisonings of patriarchs are well documented. But if the patriarch's position was precarious so was the hierarchy's. The hanging of patriarch Gregory V from the gate of the patriarchate on Easter Sunday 1821 was accompanied by the execution of two metropolitans and twelve bishops.
1492 - 1503
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1492 - 1534
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1513 - 1521
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1517 - 2016
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1523 - 1534
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1534 - 2016
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1534 - 1605
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1546
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Included deuterocanonical books that had been included since 382AD
1550 - 1945
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1589
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1600 - 1750
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1611
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1721 - 1917
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1727 - 1838
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1755
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1850
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1854
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1870
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1894 - 1923
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Sharp decline in number of Orthodox because of this genocide
1918 - 1948
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1927 - 1941
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1941 - 1957
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1950
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1959 - 1991
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1991 - 2016
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after Soviet Collapse