HIST151 Timeline

Events

[Ottoman] Osman's gazi gains tremendous success

1310

Gazi: Muslim frontier warriors
The more success, the more it attracted
Occupation of Istanbul gave huge strategic advantage

[Ottoman] Creation of Navy

1400 - 1500

Successful creation of Navy made Ottomans most formidable army
Regularly sent armies to repel Safavid Empire

[Ottoman] Selim captures Cairo

1517

Unites Islamic heartlands

[Ottoman] Suleyman the Magnificent

1520 - 1566

Suleyman the Magnificent captures Budapest and lays siege to Vienna
Adopted flexible admin rules to accommodate diverse seeds

[Egypt] Ali Bey al-Kabir

1760 - 1773

Ali Bey al-Kabir expands trade with Britain and France
Overthrown by own military commander

[Egypt] Becomes largely autonomous under Mamluks

1780 - 1790

But Mamluks were oppressive, unstable, and unpopular
Operated through competing households that collected tax and formed troops
No central government, held together by arrangement

[Reform] Sanusi Order

1787 - 1859

al-Sanusi wanted to re-create original community of Prophet
Rejected Ottoman and Egyptian forms of Islamic behaviour in favour of more austere desert life
Eastern Libya, Cyrenaica
Had remarkable success with surrounding tribes
Comprehensive network of brotherhoods and trading posts
Opposed French expansion in Central Africa and resisted Italian invasion in 1911, basis for contemporary Libyan state

[Egypt] Napoleon invades Britain

1798

French expeditionary force to Egypt gets cut-off from outside by British

[Egypt] Muhammad Ali arrives as force of British forces

1801

To expel French

[Egypt] M Ali recognized as governor

1805

[Egypt] M Ali kills 74 Mamluks at banquet

1811

Refashioned armed forces, reorganized administration, installed centralized bureaucracy, introduced heavy industry
Wanted to establish dynasty for family
Sent training missions to Europe and intensified higher education

[Egypt] M Ali occupies Syria

1833

Tries to impose Egyptian market monopoly

[Egypt] M Ali establishes School of Languages

1835

[Ottoman] Tanzimat

1836 - 1876

Reorganization of administration, law, education, military, economy, and human rights
Driven by Rashid Pasha, Ali Pasha, and Fuad Pasha

[Egypt] Treaty of Balta Liman

1838

Abolished all monopolies within Ottoman Empire

[Tanzimat] Hatt-i Sharif of Gulhane

1839

Abolition of tax farming
Standardization of conscription
Elimination of corrupted
All extended to populaces regardless of religion

[Egypt] Treaty of London

1841

Compelled M Ali to withdraw from all territories except Sudan and limited Egyptian army

[Tanzimat] Ministry of Education

1847

Worked toward secondary school systems outside ulama control

[Ottoman] Crimean War

1854 - 1856

Russia attempts to gain authority over Ottoman Orthodox Christians
Stopped by 1856 Treaty of Paris
Black Sea demilitarized, Russian troops in Danube withdrawn

[Tanzimat] Hatt-i Humayan

1856

Muslim and non-Muslims were to have equal obligations in military service and equal opportunities for state employment and state schools

[Ottoman] Abdul Hamid pumps education

1865 - 1895

Witnessed acceleration of certain Tanzimat programs, mostly education
Goal was to Ottomanize modern secondary education than to restore pre-Tanzimat system
Added no fewer than 18 higher educational schools to system
Rise in political and social expectation of Ottoman youth
Young people soon discover real circles of power are limited to particular elite

[Reform] Mahdist Revolt

1873 - 1879

Rebellion against Egyptian occupation of Sudan
Movement of purification of Islam
Muhammad Ahmad channeled discontent into mass movement of protest and purification

[Ottoman] Great Eastern Crisis

1875 - 1878

Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, and part of Bulgaria gain independence
Russia gains Kars and Batum
Austria got Bosnia

[Ottoman] Sultan Abdul Aziz deposed

1876

New Sultan Abdul Hamid II promised to uphold constitution and elected chamber

[Tanzimat] Secular court reform

1876

Mejelle: Secular legal code
Nizame: System of secular courts

[Ottoman] Constitution dissolved

1878

Abdul Hamid II begins 30 years of autocratic rule

[Ottoman] Decree of Muharram

1881

Authorized establishment of Ottoman Public Debt Administration
- Surrendered Ottoman financial independence to Europe

[Ottoman] Istanbul linked to Vienna

1883

Railway service develops all around

[Turkism] Committee of Union and Progress first incarnation

1889 - 1896

Founded by students in military-medical academy
Spies eventually uncovered and arrested/exiled all of them

[Ottoman] Young Turks

1909 - 1918

Overthrows Abdul Hamid

[Turkism] Counterrevolution

1909

By common soldiers and theological students demanded restoration of Sharia

[Arabism] Party of Ottoman Administrative Decentralization formed

1913

Cairo
- President: Rafiq al-Azm

[Turkism] Consolidated military dictatorship