Expanding classical systems of society and culture

It is one of the greatest migration in history. The POLYNESIANS are a group of linguistically related people and their language group are called AUSTRONESIAN. They are root farmers and the society depends on cheifdom based on lineage. The cheif structured from ceremonial and public architecture to warfare. Polynesians were expert seaman and invented the OUTRIGGER CANOE that can travel arcoss the Pacific Ocean. The Austronesians expanded eastward from MELANESIA to POLYNESIA (澳大利亚附近的岛屿但不包括澳大利亚）； South to Madagascar. The migration covered one-third of the globe.

High cheif in Hawaii-- ALI'I
KAPU-- taboo of commers'lives

By 3rd century, the YAMATO CLAN seized Kyoti京都. they seemed themselves as descendents of sun-goddess. They established a cheif shrine giving rise to a religion called SHINTO. The chief deity of Shinto was the sun-goddess and the emperor was decended from Shinto. It stressed the worship of ancestors and the beauty of nature. KAMI- the spirit of nature.

Japan had extensive contact with Korea and Korea spread Buddism to Japan. Pro-Buddhist in Japan used the religion to strengthen rules and introduced Chineses political concepts. PRINCE SHOTOKU wrote SEVENTEEN ARTICLE CONSTITUITIONto stress peoper role of government and ethical conduct.Prince Shotoku later sent people to learn Tang Chinese system.

Polynesian people settled in Easter Island around 300 CE and they bulit a culture in which large stones called AHU were built. The culture deminished due to war caused by the ecological change.

Buddism
After the collapse of Han, Buddhism spread to the disordered China in about 200 CE. Indian monks came to China and translated the Buddism concepts. Wei was supporter of Buddism and built many PAGODA(寺院宝塔). The increase using of paper and block printing help to spread the Buddism.

知识点： 隋炀帝开凿大运河(杭州到北京），修补长城，外扩国土； 隋炀帝暴政，迁都洛阳，上任十四年即被杀害
隋朝首都长安，center power在 Wei valley。

唐太宗建国，开阔国土并发散影响力南到越南，东到阿富汗，北到朝鲜。唐朝中国成为农业大国。
Sinifiction-中国化

印刷术
Turks 与唐朝在751的战争不仅停止了唐朝的扩张，而且从唐朝俘虏那里学到造纸术和印刷术并把这些技术传到了Arab
印刷术发明于600 CE
活字印刷发明于1050 CE

唐朝-- golden age
文人墨客，LI BO（李白= =）
佛教对唐朝影响很大，很多建筑和艺术都与佛教有关
陶瓷 - porcelain，丝绸和茶是三大出口产品
长安是唐朝中心，外来人员皆汇聚在长安。长安亦是贸易中心。
唐朝的科举制度已教育为选官标准，给每个人平等的机会。
Meritocracy-a system of bureaucratic advancement based on education rather than family relations, wealth or power.
Bureau of Censors- kept track of officials at all levels.

佛教的衰败
因为有些皇帝（ex.武则天）对佛教的推崇--消耗很多资源寺院--引来了其他教派的不满。840开始对佛教进行迫害，至今佛教从未像以往一样普遍。

唐朝因为资源衰竭，朝廷管制不力， 自然灾害引来了大暴动从而在907灭亡了

Eariler people migrated to Japan from China, Manchuria, Malaysia, and Indonesia, as well as Korea, to settle on the Japanese island. Japan later adopted Chinese writing and developed language from Korean.

After the death of prince Shotoku in Yamato, someone overthrow the government and proclaimed the TAIKA REFORM--to create a political system like China. They set the first true capital at Nara. Chinese culture had great influences on Nara. Unlike China, fedual-style lords and hereditary aristocrats reserved most offical positions and the emporer was considered as divine.

After a monk tried to take the throne, the capital KYOTO （then called HEIAN--日本平安时期）. in this period, Japan developed a phonetic system known as KANA （假名）from Chinese characters and gradually stopped the visit to Chinese in order to show cultural independence.When FUJIWARA CLAN ruled Japan, they ended the system of meritocracy (858-1806). The family increase the influence in court by intermarriage. Women's life in court is less conventional than men since they can express freer. The DAIMYO family rose in the period. A new group called SAMURAI 武士 emerged to interfere with conflicts at court. Heian ended to give way to the Kamakura period--rise of fredalism.

Maori culture is the culture of the Māori of New Zealand (an Eastern Polynesian people) and forms a distinctive part of New Zealand culture.Polynesians migrated there and settled down. New Zealand was different from Polyesian's hometown and they developed staple crops supplemented with fish. Overpopulation led to war. HAPU- In Māoridom and New Zealand a hapū ("subtribe", or "clan"[1]) functions as "the basic political unit within Māori society"部落.They developed in woodworking and decoration. They believed in rich and complex spiritual world.

Indian culture had great influence on Sotheast Asia. In many places, rulers adopted a god-king (DEVARAJA)pattern of rule. The Thais, Vietnamese, and Burmese were influenced by India. The two indigenous people were the KHMER in Combodia and the SRIVIJAYA on the island of SUMATRA. Srivijaya was a maritime empire, but the empire was stunning blow when a naval from Sothern India captured the king and Indian culture started to flow to there. Sculptures there depicted BODHISATTVAS 菩萨. famous Buddhism mounment--BOROBUDUR 婆罗浮屠

When India culture diffused to Combodia through trade, people tended to adopt Buddhism for its compassion and equality while higher class adopt hinduism for manitaining social order. In 9th century the Khmer King built a new capital temple complex at ANGKOR THOM 吴哥城 which reflected the structure of the world according to Hindu cosmology. Anthor king built ANGKOR WAT 吴哥窟 which replicated the arrangement and style of the temple at ANGKOR THOM in 10th century.Buddism sculptures were added in both site when later the king adopted Buddism.

宋朝首都在开封， 是手工业中心和贸易中心。 金属制造业在宋朝飞速发展， 政府开始使用纸钱。 政府颁发通俗小册子（PAMPHLET printed in VERNACULAR)教农业技巧. GENTRY士绅--新的教育精英阶级诞生。女人的地为降低，从宋朝开始裹脚这样她们就干不了农活。

纳贡tributary system
宋朝的对外政策不同于唐的向外扩张，宋朝的目的是保全中国原有国土。宋朝采取纳贡式，越离京城远的就纳越少贡，磕少点头，越近越多，但回礼也多，并象征权力越大。

南宋
一次北宋与女真族（Jurchen)的联盟激怒了另一个野蛮国家然后女真族随即背叛中国，开封被侵略。 宋朝重新在杭州定都，并开阔南方海路。当时南宋港口是世界最大，造船技术也是一流， 可载600人和货物。指南针的发明也帮助了宋朝的海上贸易。

Confucian Renaissance
南宋哲学家朱熹提出了NEO-CONFUCIANISM,一种综合了儒教，佛教和道教的思想。这种思想提倡自身完善，支持社会和了解世界。这个思想传入了韩国和日本并造成很大影响

发明
南宋在农业，手工业和交通工具上的发明很多。

阿拉伯地区在伊斯兰教出现前有很多部落，部落以祖先划分。 Bedouin 部落中的 Umayyad 部落掌管重要的政治，宗教和经济中心（ex. Mecca)。 Bedouin 部落盛产诗并以口传。部落宗教为万物有灵论和多神论。