Untitled timeline

Cortez lands in Veracruz and makes alliances with Anti-Aztec natives. Smallpox infects natives and kills off almost 40%. Disease + Fresh Soldiers = Victory over Aztecs

Major Goal: consolidate + secure lands of Charles V w/ strict conformity to Catholicism
-Failed to distinguish between important/ trivial matters
-Desired Spain to be a major power (economy dependent on imports of gold, silver+ goods) → set off inflation
-Expenses of war devastated economy (taxes, forced borrowing)
-Growth in wealth → paid debts + increased population
-Giant gap between privileged + unprivileged

Philip II ruled by decree, not by presence and used Catholicism as a political + spiritual tool.

Supremacy in Mediterranean:
– Turks advance into Austria to control the Mediterranean
– Spain becomes Catholicism’s Champion against Islam

Spain was essentially bankrupt:
-Resources were depleted, and fear of the Inquisition had dwindled
-Based on trade w/ Americas + silver mines when region moving towards independence (needing materials Spain didn’t have)
– Money Spain received was going towards foreign policy
– Little industry/ agriculture, peasants ruined by taxation, not modern

Contributing Factors:
– Philip concerned with enjoying life
– Catholic Church paid no taxes owning 20% of land
– Nobility exempted from taxes

*Major Sign of Fallen Status: Taking loans from Portugal

Against France over Ruler of Spain

ended with:
-Grand Alliance of England, Dutch, Austrians and Prussians
~ Peace of Utrecht
-Confirms Philip V King of Spain, but crowns to never unite
– Spanish Netherlands, Milan, Naples given to Austria
– France loses Gibraltar, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Hudson Bay to England
~ Upholds Balance of Powers
~ completed Decline of Spain as a major Power
~ Vastly expanded Britain

Guides religious settlements w/ Parliament by merging a centralized episcopal system
-Anglican Church is mix of protestant doctrine + traditional Catholicism
-1559 Act of Supremacy repealed Mary I’s works
– Act of Uniformity revises version of Book of Common Prayer w/ 39 Articles form the original 42
– Conventicle Act of 1593: conform to English Church or face exile/death

Deterioration w/ Spanish Relations:
-Duke of Alba marched army into Netherlands to threaten English invasion
-Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth
-Don John’s demonstration at Mediterranean against English+ France
-At St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: Elizabeth sole protector of Protestants
-Treaty of Non-such: English soldiers+ Calvary to Netherlands

-Beheaded Mary Stuart for planning to overthrow from throne → causes Pope Sixtus to no longer retrain public support and Spain attempts to invade England

II. 17c England: (see notes on the sheet regarding the evolution of Parliament)
A. James I (1603-1625) - supported absolute divine-right.
B. Charles I (1625-1649)
- fought openly with Parliament and the Puritans over money for his wars with Spain.
- arbitrary abuse of power (quartering troops, ship money, arbitrary arrests, etc.)
- Long Parliament (1640-1660)
C. Civil war (1642-1649): Roundheads versus Cavaliers
D. the Commonwealth (1649-1660) under the Cromwells.
- Puritan Republic.
- Ulster Plantation.
- unpopular military dictatorship. (Lord Protector)
E. Charles II (1660-1685) —> Stuart Restoration
- he learned the lessons of his predecessors (Don’t mess with Parliament!)
- religious toleration, but leaned toward the Catholics.
- Test Act (1673).
- Habeas Corpus Act (1679).
- he launched bold new foreign policy ventures chalenging the Dutch for the commercial
leadership of Europe.
F. James II (1685-1688)
- became unpopular because of his open Catholicism and return to absolute rule.
G. William & Mary —> “Glorious Revolution” (1688); a bloodless coup.
- Parliament now reigned supreme.
- never again would British kings be as powerful as Parliament.
- English Bill of Rights (1668-1689) → it settled all of the major issues between the kings and
Parliament (* see your notes for further details *)
H. development of the modern British political system:
- Whigs and Tories (distinctions between political party).
- evolution of the Cabinet system.
- Prime Minister (Robert Walpole, first P. M.)

Unfamiliar w/ English customs and tradition:
-Believes in Divine Right to rule (Responsible to God, not Parliament)
~ defender of Anglican Church, Distrusted Puritans (Calvinists)
– Parliament believed in defending their power sharing role in gov’t
– Parliament became more Puritan, sought reform of Anglican church
-Seen as sympathetic to Catholics (alliance w/ Spain)

Puritans: seek to purify Anglican Church from Pope+ Bishops

-Parliament passes Petition of Right (1628) to control King
-taxation approval, no forced loans, trials, no quartering of soldiers
→ approves needs money but ignores limitations doesn’t call for 11
Issues:
-Seeks illegal sources of revenue
-Puritans fear Catholic revival, Married to Catholic (failed to enforce Anti-Catholic laws)

Civil War fought between Roundheads (Parliament) and Cavaliers (Royalists)
-Roundheads ally w/ Scots, led by Oliver Cromwell → New Model Army

-Parliament purges more moderate members leaving radical Puritans → PRIDE’S PURGE => RUMP PARLIAMENT
-Abolished monarchy, House of Lords and Anglican Church
– put on trial for treason and executed in Jan. 1649 (King)

Oliver Cromwell and 1 house Parliament began experiment w/ republican rule → Commonwealth
– restricted freedom of no-Puritans, enforced public morality
-subdue Scots, defeat Irish, gain trade routes from Dutch
~Cromwell dissolves Parliament twice

-Grand Alliance of England, Dutch, Austrians and Prussians ~ Peace of Utrecht -Confirms Philip V King of Spain, but crowns to never unite - Spanish Netherlands, Milan, Naples given to Austria - France loses Gibraltar, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Hudson Bay to England ~ Upholds Balance of Powers ~ completed Decline of Spain as a major Power ~ Vastly expanded Britain

Background: Death of Henry II, followed by weak rulers and regency rule by Catherine d’ Medici
-French Nobility and Protestant groups take advantage
~ belief 2 religions couldn’t coexist in the same state
Players: Valois Kings=Catholic moderates, unwilling compromise
~Guise Family (fund by Jesuits) = Ultra-Catholic, destroy protestants, replace monarch
~ Henry of Navarre: Burbon ruler of Kingdom of Navarre (led Protestants)

Beings large-scale Civil War -Catherine, influenced by Guise family to wipe out Huguenots -Prevent Marriage to Compromise Religion between Henry of Navarre wed to Catholic Sister of Reigning King

Guise supported by Spain & Protestants supported by German Princes Guise assassinated by Royal Guard in December 1588 August 1589, Henry III assassinated by crazy monk Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV, converts to Catholicism

III. The Age of Louis XIV: (the “Sun King”)
A. Henry IV of Navarre (1589-1610)
- first to establish the Bourbon family.
- he began to curtail the privileges of the Fr. nobility.
- he issued the Edict of Nantes (* see treaties sheet )
B. Louis XIII (1616-1643)
- Cardinal Richelieu (machiavellian pragmatist)
- he committed Fr. to the Protestant side in the Thirty Years’ War.
C. Louis XIV (1643-1715)
- goals:
- make France the strongest country in Europe.
- make France the intellectual and political “light” to the rest of the world.
- L’etat, c’est moi! [I am the State!]
- government and administration:
- firm and uniform administration (intendants)
- war became an activity of the state (the armed forces were formerly in private hands).
- strengthened the army.
- built Versailles (keep the nobles under his watchful eyes!)
- never called the Estates-General.
- economic and financial policies
- costly, inefficient methods of tax collecting (nobility not taxed)
- Colbert, finance minister.
- mercantilism.
- monopolies abroad (ex: French East India Company)
- religion
- Protestants suffered.
- religious unity considered necessary to strengthen his rule.
- revoked the Edict of Nantes.
- vigorous foreign policy ( see 5-page sheets on Commercial & Dynastic Wars *)
- War of the League of Augsburg.
- War of the Spanish Succession.
- War of Devolution.
— effects of his reign:

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

he tried to make France more powerful.
he centralized the Fr. government.
he improved Fr. militarily.
he made Fr. a commercial rival of Britain.
he tamed the Fr. aristocracy.
he made the King and the State one and the same.
he taxed the peasants, not the nobility.
he was too extravegent (he put France into great debt).
the court at Versailles was too removed from the lives and problems of the common people.

Attempt at religious toleration: Catholicism official religion of France Huguenots right to worship in selected areas/ fortified towns Huguenots could hold public offices

France Reaches Absolutist Development
– divine right: Kings are God’s representatives on Earth
– Fronde(s) made him distrust nobility → gov. to Versailles
-strong monarchy necessary to end chaos of war and rebellion

Manipulating Nobility:
-cooperation and collaboration rather than control
-royal court became machinery of Gov’t of Versailles
-reduced power of high nobles (of blood, [NOBLES OF THE SWORD])
~ removed from royal council, replaced with new titles { Nobles of the robe}
~ required nobles to live at Versailles for part of year→ separate power from status and grandeur
-ignored Estates General → nobles have no means of united action

Major Beliefs: ONE KING, ONE LAW, ONE FAITH => Protestants
1685 Edict of Fountainebleau revokes Edict of Nantes

Creates centralized administration
-continued hereditary office holders
-extended power/ authority of intendants
-royal patronage: sell offices, reward loyalty w/ contracts
~ people tied to the King

After 30 years War: HRE declined into separate political units → Austria+ Prussia were the more Dominant States
-Defeat in Central Europe forced Austria to turn east + Consolidate rule
~during 30 yrs War Ferdinand Ii gains Bohemia
-reduces Bohemian Estates (noble assemblies)
-confiscated land of Protestants and gave to Catholic nobles and foreign aristocrats (build loyal base)
-Ferdinand III centralizes German speaking provinces (Austria, Styria, Tyrol)
~ creates standing army for internal opposition

Austria forced to turn East + Face Ottoman Threat
-Turkish Army laid Siege to Vienna 1683 → peak Muslims in Europe
- city saved by foreign aid (Polish+Russians)
~ Habsburgs conquered almost all of Hungary and Transylvania by 1699

State now 3 separate territories ruled by Habsburg Monarch:
-hereditary provinces of Austria, Kingdom of Bohemia, Hungary

Charles VI issues Pragmatic Sanction
-Habsburg possessions not to be divided and passed onto single heir
~ Maria Theresa successor + promise of foreign powers to accept
-Tried to get approval, but agreements unbinding

-Takes control and visits West (1697-1698)
~ Primary Interest in Increasing Russia’s Size + Military Power
Determined to Westernize Europeanize “backwards Russia”

Restructures Military:
-tightens service requirements of nobility as admins for LIFE
-peasants in 25 year stints of service
-creates first real Russian Navy + special forces of Cossack

Reforms Central Gov’t, Military, and Civil Administration:
- consultative bodies disappear (local noble parliaments)
-replaced w/ Board of Administrators to run agencies (justice, war) in absence
-divides Russia into provinces to extend royal authority
-1722 institutes TABLE OF RANKS:
~opportunities for non-nobles to join nobility ranks
~14 levels, at 8th you were a noble (based on merit)

Educational Reform and Manners:
-universities for skilled technicians, and experts (5 yr. required abroad for nobility sons)
-adopts western dress, manners, style
-Traditional restraints on women were lifted, encouraged to mix and play greater gender role (Family Life)

Economics:
-tax increase 3x for peasants: “soul tax” replace land tax
– decreases taxes for nobility
-gov’t imposed Serf Labor forces
-industries owned by Tsar (4/5 revenue went to military/war)
-adopted mercantilism policies (export more than import)

Thirty Years war and weakened power of Estates in German Territories allowed elector to move towards consolidation of power
-weakened traditional parliamentary liberties
-nobility class lost right of taxation, reduced power of Estates
~1660 Frederick William forced Estates to accept permanent taxation w/out consent
~ soldiers doubled as tax collectors/police/state bureaucracy
~ revenue tripled, army grew 10x
-permanent crisis (wars etc) gave authority to Frederick
~ nobility too concerned w/ rights/privilege/ status
~ 1653: nobles given freedom from taxation, control over peasants in exchange for reduced role on politics
~ bulk of taxes fell onto towns

MONEY=> make army => make bureaucracy => Don’t need nobility => consolidate power on own

Late 1600s Kings had less opposition to centralization

The Hohenzollern’s were hereditary rulers of Brandenburg and Prussia
-Imperial electors of Brandenburg added Prussia to its holdings (1618) when junior branch (cousins) of family died out (expand marriage/death)

Thirty Years War and other conflicts weakened power of Estates (representative bodies) in German Territories

Set up: Netherlands were bankers, traders, manufactures
~ divided into 17 provinces and ruled themselves
~> Charles V abdicates giving Netherlands to Philip II of Spain (seen as a foreigner to country)

Revolt: Philip attempts to control Netherlands & wipe out Protestantism.
~1559: Appoints half-sister as Regent→ Inquisition+ raise taxes
~1566: Calvinists rampage destruction at forms of religion
-Duke of Alva sent to end rebellion
– “Council of Blood” tribunal set up to execute leaders
– more taxation
~ 1576: William “The Silent” of Orange → Pacification of Ghent
– fails unification due to religious differences
-Southern lands remain Catholic + Spanish Control
-Northern lands form Union of Utrecht to declare independence from Spain

Netherlands became a modern constitutional state:
-Oligarchy of wealthy merchants (regents) controlled province through States (assemblies) and held all the power
– Each State appointed a Stadholder as executive (House of Orange)
-States General handled foreign affairs
-rebuplican+ middle class values, not aristocratic
– confederation = weak union of strong provinces

In emergencies= House of Orange takes Over***
Trade: Religious toleration, Bank of Amsterdam, finishing+ merchant fleet (offered lowest shipping rates, largest merchant marine, and depended less on export than transport

~Dutch East India Company in 1602: private trading company
– cut into Portuguese trading in East Asia
– Dutch West India Company traded w/ Latin America+ Africa

Queen Elizabeth of England declare truce 1609→ accepted by Spain King Philip III

Netherlands Independent in 1648

Peace of Westphalia confirms Dutch independence from Spain