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Use Cases
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Resources
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Pricing
1949
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Mao Zedong establishes communist regime.
1958 - 1961
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He claimed this policy was better than the Soviets
1964
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It was now less reliant on Soviet protection
1966 - 1976
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Purging 'soviet revisionists' from the chinese government
1969
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March 1881 - November 1894
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1894 - 1906
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Modernising Russia's economy.
Acquired huge amounts of foreign capital.
Gold standard.
Improved the railways to encourage migration from the country to the urban areas..
Increase in output of oil and coal brought money.
State capitalism, echoing western european industrial revolutions.
HOWEVER:
No reform for agriculture.
Too dependent on foreign loans.
Neglected vital engineering areas.
November 1894 - Feb 1917
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1898
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Marxist opposition group.
1903
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Social Democrats disagree about wether Russia is ready to convert to socialism.
1905
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LONG TERM:
Poverty
Famine
Repression
Autocratic system
MEDIUM TERM:
Poor leader
Lack of reform
Rasputin/Tsarina
SHORT TERM:
Bloody Sunday
Russo-Japanese war
June 1905
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Navy mutiny, however the rest of the navy stay loyal.
Oct 1905
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Accepted the duma
Civil rights
Peasant debt abolished
October 1905 - Nov 1905
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1906 - 1911
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Gave peasants security in land and money
Tried to get rid of the strip system
Migration to Siberia
Created Kulaks loyal to the Tsar
april 1906 - june 1906
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Power lessen when the Tsar got a loan from France
Dominated by reformist parties
Demanded more rights
April 1906
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Rendered the October Manifesto meaningless as it proclaimed the autocratic right of the tsar to do whatever he wants by decree.
feb 1907 - june 1907
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Strongly anti government
Extremists on both left and right made agreement difficult
Hostile
nov 1907 - june 1912
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Tsar wanted to look democratic to get loans from Europe
New electoral system: only home owners (no peasants or workers)
Dominated by right wing parties
Criticism was more docile
Questioned the government
Reforms: education and health
1912
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Peaceful protesters were massacred in Siberia.
nov 1912 - aug 1914
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Voiced some criticisms
Reforms: state welfare
june 1915
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Tried to persuade N2 to make concessions and appoint better ministers
1 dec 1916
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Showed how unhappy even the aristocrats were with N2
February 1917 - October 1917
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17 feb 1917 - 4 march 1917
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Feb: strikes about better conditions, pay and equality
March: PG declared, Tsar abdicates
march 1917
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Large concessions to Germany
4 april 1917
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abandon co-operation with other parties
another revolution
overthrow the PG
power to the workers
power to the soviets
July 3 1917 - July 6 1917
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3 days of demonstrations
PG still had loyal army, and opposition was disunited
spread of the soviets
worker control of the factories
peasant seizure of land
independence for nationalist movements
8 july 1917
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September 1 1917
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Kornilov threatened to bring troops to Petrograd and moose military rule
Bolsheviks released from prison and armed to protect the city from the troops which never arrived.
23 october 1917 - 27 oct 1917
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PG offer very little resistance
Right-wing SR's and Mensheviks walk out of the Soviet
nov 1917
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Basically just authorised land seizures in the country and takeovers in the factories that had already been happening since Feb
1918 - 1920
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Whites were ununited, poor leadership and failed to get Greens on side
1918 - 1921
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All priority given to the war effort, centralised system, seen by many as true communism
july 1918
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march 1919
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To spread communism over Europe
1921
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march 1921
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Thousands of workers tried to ask for concessions such as freedom of speech etc an rights
march 1921 - 1928
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Russia needed food, so tried to persuade the peasants.
Seen as unrevolutionary
1922
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1923
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Slated all of the major applicants and offered no alternative, its suppressed
Jan 1924
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1924 - 1929
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1924 - 1925
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Stalin/Kamenev/Zinoviev
may 1924
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1925 - 1929
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Kamenev and Zinoviev (joined by trotsky in 1926)
nov 1927
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1928
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The state owned the land and the peasants simply worked on it, many peasants didn't want to.
Led to famines and starvation
1928 - 1932
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Emphasis on heavy industry, ignored consumer goods
1929
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Stalin attacks the right over land policy
1932 - 1933
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Peasants stopped producing in many areas due to inability to adapt or as an act of rebellion
1933 - 1937
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More realistic targets
Bad organisation and regional competition meant hold ups in some areas
Spare parts for machines weren't made
1933 - 1934
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Centralisation of:
civilian police
secret police
labour camps
border guards
1934 - 1936
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Kirov's murder allowed Stalin to pass a decree giving the NKVD complete freedom
1934
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1935
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Huge propaganda mission to celebrate a man who had overshot his target
1936
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1936 - 1939
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Purges included:
Party
People
Army
1938 - 1941
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Failure to improve living conditions
Focus on heavy industry and communications
1941 - 1953
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Included supposed war criminals and german spies
Doctors Plot: focused on the jewish dominated medical sector
Sept 1946
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Expressed concerns about US using its wealth to act like an imperialist power, for world domination.
1947 - 1949
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Cominform implement one-party states loyal to the USSR
1949
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A response to Marshall Aid. Comecon gave assistance to Eastern Bloc countries.
1949
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1953
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Civil unrest in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and East Germany.
march 1953
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1954
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1955
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His temperament was unpredictable and he was prone to bursts of anger and exaggeration.
Policies:
Primary aim to improve economy with defence cuts
His attitude to diplomacy was erratic
Building relationships with pro-Soviet governments in the Third World
May 1955
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A military Alliance formed in respond to NATO between the Eastern Bloc countries and Soviet Russia.
February 1956
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Criticised Stalin for developing a cult of personality and for abusing his power.
June 1956
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Protests focused on poor conditions and food shortages.
Gomulka wanted reform but made it clear that it would stay loyal to the USSR and would not leave the Warsaw Pact.
October 1956 - November 1956
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The student movement began heavy pressure for widespread reform, including freedom of the press and elections.
Nagy's reforms went too far and on November Soviet troops moved in to crush the rising.
October 1957
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Jan 1959
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1964
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1968
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Beginning of the Brezhnev Doctrine
1979
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1979
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1980 - 1981
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Martial law
1980
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First free trade union in Easter Europe
1983
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1985
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NEW THINKING:
Perestroika: less money on military to boost the economy
Glasnost: freedom
End to the arms race
End to the Brezhnev Doctrine
1987
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1988
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End of the Brezhnev Doctrine and to the interference in the Eastern Bloc
1989
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Poland disregards communism
1990
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Encouraged by Gorbachev, they hold elections
1991
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1904 - 1905
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Huge embarrassment for Russia.
July 1914 - November 1918
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September 1939 - September 1945
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1943
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Britain would station troops in Greece
USSR would station troops in Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary
February 1945
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Poland to remain in USSR sphere and Germany to remain weak.
Acceptance of UN once Russia has right of veto.
Russia will enter war against Japan once t has finish its campaign in Europe.
July 1945
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Divided Germany into 4 zones, with any further decisions to be made by everyone.
Stalin refuses acceptance of democratic Polish government.
March 1947
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US proposal for monetary reform in Berlin to stimulate industrial development was seen as a threat by the Soveits.
June 1948 - May 1949
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Currency reform in Western Germany and Berlin was met with a blockade of West Berlin.
Supplies were flown in by the Western Allies.
April 1949
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The Western Allies agree to merge their three sections of Germany.
1950
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China accepts Soviet leadership of communist world
China has lots of aid (paid back with interest)
Mongolia is in Soviet influence
June 1950 - July 1953
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1954 - 1958
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US vowed to protect Taiwan, where the Chinese nationalists were based.
Khrushchev did not back Mao
1955
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Divided since the end of the war, Austria was now recognised as neutral.
July 1955
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USSR proposed uniting a neutral Germany: US rejected this
USSR proposed disbanding of NATO an Warsaw Pact: US rejected this
US suggested 'open skies': USSR rejected this
Acceptance that neither side wanted war.
December 1956 - April 1975
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1960
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A failure as Khrushchev walks out after not receiving an apology from Eisenhower.
1960
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A U2 spy plane is shot down over USSR territory. America is hugely embarrassed when its cover story turns out to be a lie.
1961
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Khrushchev saw Berlin was a top priority.
US saw disarmament a priority.
Khrushchev bullies Kennedy, and Kennedy threatens the use of nuclear weapons over Berlin.
aug 1961
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oct 1962
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A naval blockade was established to stop further missiles being stationed in Cuba
A secret agreement was made to remove missiles from Turkey
1963
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Banned:
tests in the air
tests in space
tests under water
No reduction of armaments
1964
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Unsuccessful talks between China and the USSR
1969
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1972
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SALT 1
Basic Principles Agreement
feb 1972
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China then began to downplay its struggle for world revolution and criticise the Soviet Union
feb 1972
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No single power should dominate Asia
US would not tolerate a Soviet invasion of China
US-China trade, culture, educational links
may 1972
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1973
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First time that oil was used as a strategic weapon on this scale
Bad for US
Good for USSR
Led to perception of US as weak and led to criticisms of detente
1975
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BASKET 1:
acceptance of USSR borders
BASKET 2:
trade and technology
BASKET 3:
human rights
december 1979
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this drained the USSR economy for many years
1985
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Nuclear reductions
oct 1986
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no agreement
1987
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Gorbachev had realised that SDI would never work and so this was focuses on the removal of intermediate missile from Europe
1988
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Trade and technology links
Nov 1989
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oct 1990
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1945
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Feb 1946
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Telegram to US gov. stating fears that the USSR was preparing for world domination.
Argues for containment.
March 1947
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Committed US to provide aid to war-torn countries.
June 1947
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Gave huge amounts of aid to European countries to provide a stable base for American trade and protect against the allure of communism.
April 1949
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January 1953
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Promises to stand up to communism.
Foreign Policy:
Defence of democracy
Geographical territory
Cutting conventional forces whilst increasing nuclear spending
Massive retaliation
Covert & Overt operations to stop the spread of communism in the third world
October 1954
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Soviet leaders see this as a threat.
1961
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Flexible response:
covert/overt operations to stop communism developing in the third world
nuclear weaponry
conventional forces
april 1961
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An attempt to invade Cuba and overthrow the communist government there
1969
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Involved in the watergate scandal, initiated talks with China
1969
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Tried to make allies in the Eastern Bloc countries with the aim of one day re-uniting Germany
1973
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Struggles to make important decisions because he hasn't been elected
1973
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1979
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1980
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Much more hard-line
1981 - 1982
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1983
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Troops sent in to deal with communists
1984
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1944
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1945
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july 1945
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dec 1945
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1946
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No means testing
Payments from the employer and employee (not the government)
Minimum contributions had to be made before benefits could be drawn
1946
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Nationalise to replace the confusing and chaotic mix of charity run and private hospitals
march 1946
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March 1946
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Spoke about two power blocs divided by an Iron Curtain.
1947
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Gave farmers price guarantees and grants to encourage modernisation
jan 1947
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nov 1947
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1948
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1948
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Aimed to secure those who weren't covered in 1946
children
married women
pensioners
self employed (under 104 a year)
these WERE means tested
1948
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1951
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1952
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bank rate goes up
oct 1952
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april 1953
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Tax cuts
1954
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1955
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nov 1955
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1956
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jan 1957
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july 1957
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jul 1961
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july 1962
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Macmillan sacks 1/3rd of the cabinet
jan 1963
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march 1963
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april 1963
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oct 1964
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1965
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1965
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july 1965
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1966
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oct 1967
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oct 1967
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nov 1967
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1968
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1968
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1968
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1969
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1969 - 1990
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1969
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oct 1969
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jan 1970
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may 1970
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june 1970
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apr 1971
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cuts cuts cuts
aug 1971
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nov 1971
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jan 1972
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1972
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march 1972
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jan 1973
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feb 1973
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jan 1974
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march 1974
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aug 1974
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nov 1974
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june 1975
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aug 1975
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nov 1975
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march 1976
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jan 1978
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nov 1978
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1979
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june 1979
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VAT doubled
Direct taxes cut
Abolition of the price commission
Exchange controls abolished
jan 1980
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march 1980
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900 million cut in gov. spending
oct 1980
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jan 1981
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1981
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feb 1981
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march 1981
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1982
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jan 1982
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first time since 1932
1984 - 1985
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jan 1986
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oct 1987
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sept 1988
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opposing further integration with europe
oct 1989
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nov 1990
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dec 1990
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