HIST198 - Paper 2

The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars between Napoleon's French Empire and opposing coalitions led by Great Britain. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionized European armies. French power rose quickly as Napoleon's armies conquered much of Europe but collapsed rapidly. Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at Waterloo, and all France's gains were taken away by the victors.

Source: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/403224/Napoleonic-Wars

As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814. He implemented a wide array of liberal reforms across Europe, including the abolition of feudalism and the spread of religious toleration. One of the greatest commanders in history.

Source: http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/bonapartenapoleon/a/bionapoleon.htm

The first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe, such as the Napoleonic empire, and maintain the peace between the great powers. The second goal was to prevent political revolutions, such as the French Revolution, and maintain the status quo.

Source: http://www.victorianweb.org/history/forpol/vienna.html

It ended the series of wars that had convulsed Europe, and involved many other regions of the world. It also ended the French First Empire and the political and military career of Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the greatest commanders and statesmen in history. It ushered in almost half a century of international peace in Europe.

Source: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/napoleon-defeated-at-waterloo

Marx and Engels predicted the eventual triumph of the working class over the middle class of a classless society in which wealth would be equally distributed. They showed that capitalism must give way to socialism – the abolition of classes based on property ownership. (McKay 341)

In his work, Mill attempts to establish standards for the relationship between authority and liberty. He emphasizes the importance of individuality. Mill criticized the errors of past attempts to defend individuality. (McKay 339)

The Industrial Revolution took place from the 18th to 19th centuries and was a period during which societies in Europe became industrial and urban.

Source: http://americanhistory.about.com/od/industrialrev/a/indrevoverview.htm

Goethe's ideas on evolution would frame the question that Darwin and Wallace would approach within the scientific paradigm. The Serbian inventor and electrical engineer Nikola Tesla was heavily influenced by Goethe's Faust, leading to the idea of the rotating magnetic field and ultimately, alternating current. Goethe was also a cultural force, who argued that the organic nature of the land molded the people and their customs. He argued that laws could not be created by pure rationalism, since geography and history shaped habits and patterns.

Source: http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/path/v02n08p233_the-theosophical-meaning-of-goethes-faust.htm

Michael Faraday is a British physicist and chemist known for his discoveries of electromagnetic induction and of the laws of electrolysis. His biggest breakthrough in electricity was his invention of the electric motor.

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/faraday_michael.shtml

French artist Delacroix uses a female figure representing liberty and reason in this work. In 1830, France was convulsed by revolutionary upheaval and in the painting the female figure is in the thick of the Parisian street fight leading a crowd of revolutionaries toward the realization of France's national destiny. (McKay 348)