Early Civilization

Copper mix with tin to make bronze and gave rise to artisans .

Minoans developed a civilization on the island of GRETE. Its good culture is reflected at the palace in the city of Knossos. Minoans carried their civilization to Greece and formed a new civilization called MYCENAEAN.

famous assult- the siege of Troy in 1200 BCE- was described in Geek epic poem THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY.by HOMER.

the civilized world conquered the land around with the help of CHARIOT and only aristocracy can have them.

Later the Dorian conquered the Mycenaean and became part of the Greek synthesis.

by 2500 BCE Non Nok Tha people in Thailand start to make bronze tools and implement. bronze making reach its height in 500 BCE when Dong Son people created huge bronze and beautiful drums.

Xia- 2000 BCE - 1600 BCE
Shang dynasty began as the same time when Hammurabi ruled in Babylon.
aristorcorcy in shang society lived in extended family and was patriarch (controlled by the oldest male).The leader had a sizable bureaucracy but most of the population was governed by VASSAL containers.有钱的贵族会找巫师（SHAMAN）， 那些巫师根据甲骨（Oracle bones)来算命。 文字渐渐发扬。
中文打字法： 拼音输入法和Wade-giles(注音？）

Iron was an accidental byproduct of smelting copper or lead in the Hittite Empire in present day Turkey.The Hittites was the first to use and spread iron.

Consequence- 1. set off another wave of barbarian invasions; 2. efficient agriculture, better trade toll and raise economy. 3. led to larger territorial state or empires (ex. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE & PERSIAN EMPIRE)

Aryan, spoke an Indo-European language called SANSKRIT, used the KHYBER and BOLAN PASSES through the HINDU KUSH mountain range to migrate into India and settled down to the site of the Indus Valley civilization.They conquered some of the native Dravidians. story about that can be found in RIG VEDA, the oldest religious writing, and the MAHABHARATE, a vast epic poem describing heroic battle. Another great epic of India is RAMAYANA.
By 900 BCE, the use of iron spread to South Asia and poor men there used iron weapon to protect themselves.

Vedas: The Vedas are a large body of texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. 1. The Rigveda, containing hymns to be recited by the hotar, or presiding priest; 2. The Yajurveda, containing formulas to be recited by the adhvaryu or officiating priest; 3. The Samaveda, containing formulas to be sung by the udgatar or priest that chants; 4. The Atharvaveda, a collection of spells and incantations, apotropaic charms and speculative hymns.

Caste system of Aryan： 1. Brahmin: priests, scholars and teachers 2. Kshatriyas: warriors, administrators and law enforcers 3.Vaishyas: agriculturists, cattle raisers and traders 4. Sudras: service providers and artisans; originally non-Aryans who were admitted to Vedic society.
Jati-caste; dharma- religious duties of different caste;

Much of the society was unwilling to cede authority to the caste of Brahman so a religion based on ASCETICISM emerged as recorded in the UPANISHADS (奥义书）. the religion believe the end of a religious life is quest for release from a cycle of rebirth, or REINCARNATION, by a process of self-annihilation. The true holy man did not need the priest but can find truth himself through meditation and asceticism. This thought marks the birth of HINDUISM.

Religion: Indra- a war leader, has strongest personality, the destroyer of cities and god of thunder and storm.(原为上古人崇拜，但经婆罗门改革，雷神地位逐渐被 Shiva， Brahma, 和 Vishnu取代)
Shiva- Shiva is regarded as one of the primary forms of God and "the Destroyer" or "the Transformer" among the Trimurti
Brahman- the Hindu god of creation and one of the Trimūrti, the others being Vishnu and Shiva. According to the Brahmā Purāņa, he is the father of Manu, and from Manu all human beings are descended.
Vishnu- It describes Vishnu as the all-pervading essence of all beings, the master of—and beyond—the past, present and future, the creator and destroyer of all existences, one who supports, preserves, sustains and governs the universe and originates and develops all elements within.

Capital Nineveh. located on the original Hittie empire and ruled by force

Established on original assyrian empire site. Assyrian was overthrown due to CAVALRY revolution (mountain horse, bow in hand)

Because of the environmental and the desiccation of the desert,the changes of the period from agriculture to metallurgy were diffused into Africa from the outside in a later time. Many scholars believe the spread of agriculture and iron came from the civilizations on Mesopotamian.The earliest iron casting culture in Wast Africa is the Nok people thrived between 900 BCE and 200 BCE.

A pastoral culture. They might originate near the Caucasus mountain and moved to Europe by 6500 BCE. they may be the ancestor of Greek and Celts. They moved again by 3000 BCE adnd conquest the nearby settled societies, leading to a diffused of population and dispersion of culture.

Pastoralism concentrated mostly in the grassland of Eurasia and the Sahara desert region.the pastoral culture is always affected by the weather, growing population, and the invasion of neighboring tribe. They usually lived along the boarder of settled societies and developed their culture centered on animals like horse.

Pastoral tribe moved around a lot.
1. The first movement began around 2000 BCE when the early civilization like China and Indus-Valley were weaken by them.
2. The second wave occurred around 400 CE to 800 CE when Asiatic tribes appear to have moved west and push each other which eventually overwhelmed the Roman Empire.
3. The third waves was Mongols at 1200 CE to 1400 CE.

Religion was another important interaction by the time. Hebrew even traced their origin ABRAHAM to a Sumerian city called UR.
Old testament story: Yahweh command Abraham to find Cannon. Jacob led his people to Egypt during famine. The book of Exodus tells how Moses took his people out of Egypt around 1240 BCE and traveled to MOUNT SINAI to get the ten commandments.THE TORAH, the first five book of the Old testament, contain the law of Moses that require ethical belief in one God, ETHICAL MONOTHEISM. A leader name SOUL united Hebrew and became the first king by 1021 BCE. David, his successor, built the capital at Jerusalem. SOLOMON, David's son built wide trade network and produced copper to make a lot of money. But teh money cannot support his expensive temple building program. Solomon them imposed taxes and CORVEE LABOR(those who use work to pay taxes). After Solomon died, people revolted and built the kingdom of Israel. Another two tribe united as JUDAH. The new Babylonian empire then conquered ISRAEL and JUDAH by the 700s BCE.
The stories above demonstrated the diffusion of culture, including technology and the idea of monotheism.

The Phoenicians emerged around 2000 BCE on eastern Mediterranean coast and they shared the coast with teh LYDIANS, who developed the coin money later. Phoenicians can produce vivid purple dye from shellfish which used on clothes to show royalty. Phoenicians were traders , shipbuilders, sailors, and colonizers. They extended their trading network West to England, South to the tip of Africa.
The most remarkable achievement was that they invented an alphabet called PHONOGRAMS,a simplified method of wiring using 22 consonants the symbolized sounds. The wriitng system was easy to learn, making reading less exclusive. Later the Greek added vowels (元音) to the alphabet which later developed to the alphabet for all western European language.

The kingdom of Kush (present day Sudan) became independent by 1000 BCE and conquered Egypt in 715 BCE. But Kush's bronze weapon lost to Assyrian's iron weapon, and so they lost Egypt to the Assyrian in 672 BCE. learning iron technology from Assyrian, the Kush king located a new capital called MEROE and the development of the iron tech made Kush a strong economic and military state. The Kush people trade with East Africa, Arabia, and India from ports of the Red Sea.

The earliest iron casting culture in Wast Africa is the Nok people thrived between 900 BCE and 200 BCE.

The migration spread iron making the agriculture throughout Africa.The Bantu people was originated in eastern Nigeria and then moved first to Sudan, then to all around Africa.The migration was probably result of overpopulation and the desiccation of the desert.