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Use Cases
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New Nation States and Nationalist Tensions
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Cavour urged the king to issue a constitution...
1848
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Cavour urged the king to issue a constitution, sponsored liberals, worked to end Austrian rule in Northern Italy
Cavour pursued expelled Austrians from Milan and Veneto
1858
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Cavour pursued expelled Austrians from Milan and Veneto, but now with the aim of enhancing the power of King Victor Emmanuel II
First Lombardy
1859
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Were ceded to Austria by the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardina
Napoleon agreed to help Pirdmont drive Austria out of Northern Italy
1859
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Napoleon agreed to help Pirdmont drive Austria out of Northern Italy. The Prime minister, Camille Cavour, saw the allience with France as a means to position his state in the future of Italy
Napoleon III supported an Idea of an Italian state
1859
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Napoleon III supported an Idea of an Italian state in the hopes of strengthening French influence
Kingdom of Two Sicilies, Tuscany, and Parma joined the region of Piedmont
1860
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By 1860 the entire Italian peninsula except for Veneto in the north and the Papal States around Rome were under the rule of Victor Emmanuel II
Victor Emmanuel crowned king
1861
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King William I was in a dispute with the Landtag over the state budget
1862
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Particularly for the Prussian Army, he posted Bismarck as chancellor hoping that he would be able to find a compromise
Austrian and Prussian troops invaded Schleswig
1864
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Austrian and Prussian troops invaded Schleswig forcing the king of Denmark to withdraw his claims
Veneto
1866
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Were ceded to Austria by the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardina
Center Party
1870
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Catholic political party in Germany
Most subjects of Victor Emmanuel didn't speak standard Italian
1870
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The Papal States and Veneto joined under the rule of Victor Emmanuel II
1870
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Pope Pius IX would not reconcile himself to the new political situation
Battle of Sedan
September 1870
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The Germans declared a larce French force, capturing more than 100,000 men, including the emperor Napoleon III. The French declared their emperor deposed and formed a provisional government, which sued for peace.
Bismarck rejcted the crown and would not accept it as William I
1871
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King William I crowned himself "Emperor of the Germans"
January 1871
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symbolically in Louis XIV's Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles
Kulturkampf
1871 - 1878
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Battle of culture, Bismarck's attack on Catholic schools, institutions, and political influence in 1870
Reichstag
1871
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German federal parliament for united Germany that met in Berlin and was elected by universal male suffrage
Citizens in Paris voted to declare the Paris Commune
March 1871 - May 1871
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The Commune passed legislation granting free education, moderating rents, reducing church power, and generally supporting the working class
Paris Commune-Radical regime in Paris after Franco-Prussian War butally supressed by the French gov't in May 1871
French government's repression of the Paris commune left thousands dead
June 1871
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The massacred supporters of the commune lined up in their coffins served to preserve the memory of government brutality among working class people
The Vatican supported their resistance w/ a declaration to excommunicate people
1875
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Who broke the marital laws, civil marriage, etc.
German socialists steadily gained votes in Reichstag elections
1890
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From 300,000 in 1881-1.5 million in 1890