The Era-Appropriate Curriculum Model

society established to educate 500,000 pupils without expense

First tax-supported secondary school

Massachusetts by Horace Mann

Established land for public universities in all states (engineering, military science, and agriculture)

Sets precedent for tax support in secondary schools

Established the first subject matter groupings as an early form of curriculum

Charles Eliot, president of Harvard University, forms the Committee of Ten

First comprehensive study of American education

According to Longstreet and Shane (1993) "a report issued by the Committee of Ten, in 1893, established college entrance requirements and effectively ended much of the curricular experimentation that had characterized most of the nineteenth century" (p.9).

John Dewey opens the University of Chicago Laboratory School

First comprehensive physiological studies of schoolchildren in New York by G. Stanley Hall

Carnegie units as a measurement of seat time along with the Committee of Ten's college entrance requirements established the basis for American high school throughout the 20th century and today (Lundt and Wiles, 2004, p. 20).

Carnegie Foundation http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/about-us/foundation-history

First mental measurement scales on intelligence published by Alfred Binet

According to Sass, E. (n.d.) "1916 - The American Federation of Teachers (AFT) is founded as is the American Educational Research Association (AERA)."

Sass, E. (n.d.). American History a Hypertext Timeline. Retrieved from: http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhistorytimeline.html#1900

According to Sass, E. (n.d.) the Smith-Hughes Act was repealed in 1997.

According to Gray, R. (2007) "1919: All 48 states in the contiguous United States have enacted laws allowing the use of public funds for transporting school children ... Ralph H. Carpenter Body Company was founded in Mitchell, Ind."
http://stnonline.com/resources/safety/related-articles/1360-the-history-of-school-transportation

Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education publishes The Seven Cardinal Principles

Eight Year Study

Created by the National Education Association (NEA) to study the effects of the Great Depression. It stressed four aims of education: self-realization, human relations, economic efficiency, and civic responsibility (Wiles, 2005, p. 34).

The Educational Policies Commission publishes its four-point objectives for education-The Purpose of Education in American Democracy

According to Wiles (2005) "in this document the Educational Policies Commission rejects an 'academic only' curriculum and identifies ten imperative needs of youth that must be served by the school curriculum" (p. 34).

Congress passes the G.I. Bill to further the education of veterans

U.S. Supreme Court rules Brown v. Topeka that public schools must racially integrate previously "separate but equal" schools

Russian launches Sputnik satellite, beginning both a space and an education race. According to Wiles (2005) "in response the Congress passed a $1 billion NDEA bill with most emphasis given to science and mathematics" (p.37).

U.S. Congress passes the National Defense Education Act, initiating serious funding of public education

Civil Rights Act passed by Congress

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) passes, bringing "titled" programs to public schools

Title IX amendment to the ESEA outlaws discrimination on the basis of sex

Public Law 94-142 provides federally guaranteed rights for all children with disabilities in public schools

U.S. Department of Education established

According to Wiles (2005), "in this wide survey of curriculum leaders, ten goals were identified as targets for curriculum development efforts: self-concept, understanding others, basic skills, capacity for continuous learning, responsible member of society, mental and physical health, creativity, informed economic participation, use of accumulated knowledge, and coping with change" (p.39).

According to Wiles (2005), the Paideia Proposal was "a call for a uniform, required twelve-year curriculum for all schoolchildren. The author, Mortimer Adler, advocates a return to basic schooling with no elective choices expect a second foreign language" (p. 39).

According to Wiles (2005), A Nation at Risk was "a report by the pro-business Commission of Excellence claiming that public schools are causing decline in AMerican. Traditional education and work skills are advocated" (p.39).

Commercial availability of personal computers in the United States

Carnegie Council report on middle school focusing on a decentralized and general curriculum connected to home and family (WIles, 2005, p. 40).

Meeting of the U.S. President and all governors where five goals where outlined:
(1) All children will start school ready to learn
(2) high school graduation will increase to at least 90 percent
(3) students will demonstrate competence over challenging subject matter
(4) every American will be literate
(5) every school will be free of violence and drugs (Wiles, 2005, p. 40)

Congress passed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA); concept of inclusion

Recommendations by the U.S. Secretary of Labor that proposed schools prepare workers for the world beyond school and suggested a workplace skills serve as framework (Wiles, 2005, p. 41).

Public access to the Internet is established by Congress

According to Wiles (2005) the Batavia Plan contributed "flexible grading and promotion plans that assisted teachers in bringing slower learners up to grade level so that they could be promoted" (p.32).

According to Wiles (2005) the Dewey School at the University of Chicago Laboratory School "focused on training students for cooperative and mutually helpful living as preparation for life in a democracy. Focusing on occupations, the curriculum simulated a community and its interdependencies" (p.32)

According to Wiles (2005) the Baltimore plans influence stemmed from "Featuring a flexible schedule and differentiated grading, this plan for gifted students provided six years of lateral enrichment and then six years of acceleration through subjects" (p.32).

According to Wiles (2005) the Gary Plan school was "innovative in many ways, this school had four quarters (year round), elementary and secondary school under one roof (educational park), and academic acceleration as early as the fifth grade. The schools were open on Saturdays for community participation" (p.32).

According to Wiles (2005) the Cambridge Plan was "designed to meet the needs of gifted students, featuring two parallel curriculums. The normal track took eight years but gifted students could complete the same materials in six years" (p.32).

According to Wiles (2005) the Dalton Plan influenced education though its "individualized paths through the curriculum provided by jobs. Students would select a job, each divided into twenty units, and "contract" with the teacher. At the end of each month the teacher would check the progress of the students in completing these tasks" (p.32).

According to Wiles (2005), Winnetka School "featured a two-part curriculum: (1) basic skills and knowledge and (20) activities for self-expression. Students progressed through a fixed curriculum in their own way without attempts to standardize outcomes" (p. 33).

According to Wiles (2005) the Lincoln School "operated as an experimental program at Teachers College that focused on ends such as creativity and insights. Synthesizing the subjects and focus on the utility of knowledge was a goal of this program. Units of work were featured" (p.33).

Summerhill School, according to Wiles (2005) was "an English school run by A. S. Neil, Summerhill is often used as an example to describe existential or highly flexible school environments" (p.33).

John Adams High influenced education according to Wiles (2005) "in the early 1970s this Portland, Oregon, high school gained exposure as a model of 'democratic processes.' Students and faculty used the New England town meeting procedure to solve problems and plan change" (p.33).

According to Wiles (2005) Nova High School "a Fort Lauderdale, Florida, school that featured early technical applications to the instructional process. Funded by a Ford Foundation grant, Nova featured early computer applications as well as advanced video technology" (p. 33).

Skyline High School, according to Wiles (2005) was "a Dallas, Texas, school offering a comprehensive program under one roof. Students in this school could study almost any curriculum and prepare for many occupations based on the nature of the curriculum" (p.33).

Parkway Schools, according to Wiles (2005) "created in a time of financial crisis, this philadelphia school network demonstrated that schools could be created 'without walls,' using the resources of the city as the learning environment. This program,s still in existence, was widely studied in the 1970s" (p.33)?

According to Wile (2005) the Foxfire School was "a late 1980s school located in the rural mountains of Georgia, this school was know for its progressive learning procedures and student0oriented culture" (p.32).

Referred to as the Father of American Education. Instrumental in drafting and passing legislation in Massachusetts that established public schooling precedent.

President of Harvard University for forty years. Called together the Committee of Ten (1892) to establish new college entrance requirements and curricula

Called the Father of Modern Education by Dewey, Parker was an early founder of the Progressive Movement. As superintendent of Quinncy, Massachusetts, schools, Parker is credited with forming up the first "subject" areas.

Long-term professor at the University of Chicago. Wrote the first text in the field, The Curriculum (1919).

Professor at Columbia University form 1920-1951. A leading progressive educator. Best known works: The Child-Centered School (1930) and Foundations of American Education (1947).

Swiss child development specialist emphasizing cognitive growth. Piaget developed a model of states of cognitive development that was used widely in early childhood programs in the 1960s and 1970s.

Known as a practical curriculum developer and instructional design specialist. Best known work: Curriculum Development: Theory into Practice.

Advocate for operant conditioning in learning and programmed instruction. Best known works: The Technology of Teaching (1968) and Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971).

Psychologist who developed a widely referenced hierarchy of need satisfaction, Maslow's Hierarchy.

Professor at the University of Chicago. Known for the development of taxonomy of cognitive processing, thereby allowing the targeting of curriculum outcomes.

According to Sass, E. (n.d.) "1913 - Edward Lee Thorndike's book, Educational Psychology: The Psychology of Learning, is published. It describes his theory that human learning involves habit formation, or connections between stimuli (or situations as Thorndike preferred to call them) and responses (Connectionism). He believes that such connections are strengthened by repetition ("Law of Exercise") and achieving satisfying consequences ("Law of Effect"). These ideas, which contradict traditional faculty psychology and mental discipline, come to dominate American educational psychology for much of the Twentieth Century and greatly influence American educational practice."

Sass, E. (n.d.). American History a Hypertext Timeline. Retrieved from: http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhistorytimeline.html#1900 and http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm

Professor at Harvard University. Headed the Woods Hole conference and advocated "Structures of the Disciplines" organization of subject matter. Best known work: The Process of Education (1960).

According to Wiles (2005) Dewey was "America's best known educator-philosopher. Advocated "connectionism" between subjects and pupils through applied learnings. Directed a laboratory school at the University of Chicago. Best known work: Democracy and Education (1916)."

According to Sass, E. (n.d.) "1916 - John Dewey's Democracy and Education. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education is published. Dewey's views help advance the ideas of the "progressive education movement." An outgrowth of the progressive political movement, progressive education seeks to make schools more effective agents of democracy. His daughter, Evelyn Dewey, coauthors Schools of To-morrow with her father, and goes on to write several books on her own."

Sass, E. (n.d.). American History a Hypertext Timeline. Retrieved from: http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhistorytimeline.html#1900

According to Sass, E. (n.d.) "1916 - Louis M. Terman and his team of Stanford University graduate students complete an American version of the Binet-Simon Scale. The Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon Scale becomes a widely-used individual intelligence test, and along with it, the concept of the intelligence quotient (or IQ) is born. The Fifth Edition of the Stanford-Binet Scales is among the most popular individual intelligence tests today. For additional information on the history of intelligence testing, see A.C.E. Detailed History of the I.Q. Test."

Sass, E. (n.d.). American History a Hypertext Timeline. Retrieved from: http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhistorytimeline.html#1900

A futurist whose impact on educational thinking in the second half of the twentieth century has been very strong. Best known work: Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction (1949).

At the turn of the century 2,300 automobiles where registered in the US (a combination of steam, gas and electric). Benjamin Holt invents the tractor.

http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/carbons/1900.html

First electric typewriter to be sold worldwide--the Blickensderfer Electric--produced
http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/carbons/1900.html

The Haloid Company founded to manufacture and sell photographic paper (name changed to Xerox Corporation in 1961)

http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/carbons/1900.html

Bakelite, the first totally synthetic plastic, patented

http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/carbons/1900.html

Thomas Edison demonstrated the first motion picture w/ audio

First North American transcontinental telephone call between Thomas A. Watson in San Francisco and Alexander Graham Bell in New York City

http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/carbons/1910.html

Calculating machine based on the binary numbers 0 and 1 built by J. Abraham and E. Bloch

http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/carbons/1910.html

First Picturephone conversation held between Herbert Hoover, then American Secretary of Commerce, and Walter Sherman Gifford, president of AT&T