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1665
% complete
Robert Hooke, an English scientist, publishes "Micrographia," describing his observations of cells in cork, marking one of the earliest recorded observations of cells.
Image source: Robert Hooke
1674
% complete
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch scientist, observes and describes living microorganisms through his improved microscope, providing further evidence of the existence of cells.
Image source: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1838
% complete
Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist, proposes that plants are composed of cells after observing plant tissues and recognizing their structural similarities.
Image source: Matthias Jakob Schleiden
1839
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Theodor Schwann, a German physiologist, concludes that animal tissues are also composed of cells, expanding upon Schleiden's findings and contributing to the formulation of the cell theory.
Image source: Theodor Schwann
1855
% complete
Rudolf Virchow, a German physician, introduces the concept of cellular pathology, stating that all cells arise from pre-existing cells, emphasizing the importance of cell division in growth and disease.
Image source: Rudolf Virchow
1861
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Louis Pasteur's experiments and observations support the germ theory, which further reinforces the concept of cells as the fundamental units of life.
Image source: Louis Pasteur
1931
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Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll develop the first electron microscope, allowing for higher magnification and resolution in cell imaging.
Image source: Electron microscope
1957
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Marvin Minsky develops confocal microscopy, enabling the visualization of cells and tissues in unprecedented detail and clarity.
Image source: Confocal microscopy
1953
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James Watson and Francis Crick propose the double-helix structure of DNA, unraveling the genetic code and revolutionizing our understanding of cellular inheritance.
Image source: James Watson
1955
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George Palade identifies and characterizes ribosomes, cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis, providing insights into the cellular machinery.
Image source: Ribosome
1963
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Margit and Sylvan Nass identify mitochondrial DNA, a separate genetic material within mitochondria, contributing to our understanding of cellular energy production and evolution.
Image source: Mitochondrial DNA
1963
% complete
Ernest McCulloch and James Till discover stem cells, demonstrating their ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types, opening up new avenues for regenerative medicine and understanding development.
Image source: Stem cell
2009
% complete
Hans Clevers and colleagues develop organoid cultures, enabling the growth of miniature organs in the lab, providing valuable models for studying human development, diseases, and drug testing.
Image source: Organoid
2012
% complete
Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier develop the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing tool, revolutionizing genetic engineering and offering precise control over cellular DNA.
Image source: CRISPR
2013
% complete
Aviv Regev and colleagues pioneer single-cell RNA sequencing techniques, allowing for the analysis of gene expression in individual cells, leading to a deeper understanding of cellular heterogeneity.
Image source: Single-cell sequencing
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