Greek & Latin Literary History

• From Amorgos (colonist from Samos?)
• Wrote mostly iambics
• Composed an elegy in 2 books (apparently)
• Wrote a History of Samos (in elegiacs?)

• Spartan.
• The earliest preserved choral poet.
• Most choral lyric is in the Doric dialect (since it developed esp. in Dorian speaking areas of the Peloponnese), but Alcman wrote in his local Laconian dialect.
• Wrote a cosmogonic poem: He posited the original condition of the world as an undifferentiated mass. Thetis came into being and gave form to matter. Thereby Poros and Tekmor come into being. Differentiation occurs.
• Also dealt with: the fall of Troy; Heracles; Niobe; Tantalus; Odysseus.
• One of his poems included a genealogy of legendary Spartan kings. -Alcman was famous in antiquity for his treatment of love. (Athenaeus calls him 'leader in the songs of love')

Choral Lyric:
- Common themes: mythical narrations, gnomic reflections, limits of mortality, nature of human condition, art of song.
- Consists of: hymenaion, dancing song, dirge, paean, patheneion, prosodion, hymn, dithyramb, enkomion, skolion.

• From Colophon.
• Wrote 'Nanno', about a flute-girl he loved. This poem contains the earliest surviving account of the Ionian migration.
• frr. 11 and 11a tell a version of the Golden Fleece story.
• Wrote the 'Smyrneis'

• Sparta
• Composed a 'Sack of Troy'

• moved to Sicily from 604 - 595
• Alexandrians allocated her poems to 9 books on metrical principles.
• Poem 1 is her only complete surviving poem.

• Composed an 'Oresteia'

• Horace (Odes 4.9.7) calls his poetry 'minaces'
• Exiled 3 times, then forgiven by Pittacus.
• Wrote (lost) hymns to Hermes and Apollo, et al.
• Alcaeus' Hymn to Apollo was given pride of place by the Alexandrian editor, who made it the first poem of Book 1.
• One of the first poets to sing of male heterosexual love (Horace Odes 1.32.9-12).

• Diogenes Laertius says that his elegiac verses totaled 5,000 and that he wrote iambics and epodes.
• Known to later ages as 'o nomothetes'
• Wrote "Salamis", a call for winning Salamis at all costs.
• First to mention the Attic dialect; he himself, however, wrote in Ionic.

• From Himera (in Sicily)
• Regarded in antiquity as the successor to Alcman in lyric.
• Best known for retelling of epic themes in lyric meters (as also Sacadas of Argos and Xanthus of Lydia).
• Nostoi
• Palinode for Helen
• Oresteia (in 2 books)
• Hunt for the Calydonian Boar
• Geryoneis (at least 1,500 lines)
• The Sack of Troy
• Eriphyle

• Poem on the fortunes of the house of Oedipus and the quarrel of Polynices and Eteocles.

• The Suda says his real name was Teisias and that he was calling Stesichorus because he was the first to establish a chorus of song to the lyre. The name suggests strong connections with choral poetry, while the texts point to poems which do not look as though they were choral.

• 2 Palinodes for Helen (1 says that she was in Sparta; one that she was protected by Proteus in Egypt)

• Interest in Heracles, as evidenced by:

  • Cerberus
  • Cycnus
  • Geryoneis
  • Scylla

• Longinus calls him 'most Homeric'

• Milesian
• Succeeded Thales
• He is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies.
• Wrote in prose, the earliest prose writer in the West.
• Believed that the apeiron was the source of all things.
• Created a map of the world

• Milesian.
• Student of Anaximander.
• Material monism (air).
• Wrote a treatise in prose.

• Introduced dithyrambic competitions into Athens under Pisistratus.
• Wrote an asigmatic poem, 'Centaurs'
• Choral poet

• The only archaic poet whose work has come to us not as a selection preserved in an anthology, but as a complete corpus -- in fact, too complete.
• First poet in Greek literature to voice concern over the eventual fate of his work.
• Known as a moralist.
• Casts himself as an educator of his eromenos, Cyrnus.

• Teos in Asia Minor
• Helped found Abdera in 540 when Harpagus was attacking Greek coastal cities.
• Court of Polycrates at Samos (533-522)
• After Polycrates' murder, Anacreon was taken to Athens by Hipparchus.
• Love and wine were favorite topics.
• Anacreon f. 360 reminds one of the allegory of the charioteer in the Phaedrus.

• From Ephesus --- Clyzomene
• Wrote 2 books (probably by Alexandrian editors)
• Callimachus in the intro to his 'Iamboi' brings Hipponax back from the dead to give voice to his Alexandrian critics.
• Wrote in iambic trimeters, trochaic tetrameters, hexameters.
• Hipponax, insulted by the sculptors Bupalus and Athenis of Chios, who made caricatures of his ugly features, drove them to suicide by his iambics (so the story goes).
• Emperor Julian singled him out (along with Archilochus) as poets which no one should read.
• Hipponactean language has an eastern flavor - almost certainly typical of Greek spoken in Ionian cities.

• Rhegium - Samos (court of Polycrates) - Rhegium
• Monodist (?)
• Love poet
• Recusatio

• Born at Samos.
• Moved to Croton, Italy (530 BCE).
• Wrote nothing.

• Left Colophon in Asia Minor for Southern Italy. Influenced by the Milesian philosophers.
• Wrote in hexameters and he also wrote elegies.
• Inventor of Silloi, satirical verses.

• None of his poems survive in entirety.
• Took fees for his art (secularization of poetry)
• "Sadder than the tears of Simonides" - Cat. 38.8 (celebrity of Simonides' threnoi)
• Choral poems on historical subjects: Battle of Artemisium, Battle of Salamis, Dirge for the fallen at Thermopylae.

• cf. Herodotus 1.23f
• Elevated dithyrambc choral song.
• Composed 'preludes' for the cithara in dactylic hexameter (as did Terpander).

• One of the earliest Greek tragedians.
• According to the Suda, he first introduced female characters.
• Wrote 'Miletou Halosis' (for which he was fined)
• Produced Phoenissae (Themistocles was the choregos) in 476, a play about the Battle of Salamis.
• From evidence of Aristophanes, we know his plays were sung even in the late 5th century.
• Wrote a book explaining points of epic language and discussed Homeric passages in a moralizing fashion.

• Greek dramatist and philosopher often credited with being one of the first comic writers.
• Aristotle (Poetics 5.1449b5)[2] wri
• In Theaetetus, Socrates refers to Epicharmus as "the prince of Comedy", Homer as "the prince of Tragedy", and both as "great masters of either kind of poetry".
• Became a follower of Pythagoras as an adult.

• Ephesian.
• Diogenes states that Heraclitus' work was "a continuous treatise On Nature, but was divided into three discourses, one on the universe, another on politics, and a third on theology."
• Diogenes also tells us that Heraclitus deposited his book as a dedication in the great temple of Artemis, the Artemisium.

• One of the earliest tragic poets of Athens, he was a native of Phlius in Peloponnesus
• Pratinas introduced satyr plays
• Pratinas was also a writer of dithyrambs and the choral odes called "hyporchemata".

• Eleatic.
• Wrote Peri Phuseos, in hexameters. 160 of the original 3,000 lines remain.
• First Greek philosopher to present his views in a series of formal arguments.

• Theban.
• Went to Sicily from 476-474 (Olympian 1, 2, and 3 produced during this period).
• For ancient critics, Pindar's style was 'austera harmonia'.
• Thematic unity of the odes (?): open question.

Pherecydes's great treatises (a history of his native isle, Leros; an essay, On Iphigeneia; and On the Festivals of Dionysus) are all lost. However, numerous fragments of his ten-book genealogies of the gods and heroes, which was written in the Ionian dialect to glorify the ancestors in the heroic age of his 5th-century patrons, have been preserved. Pherecydes modified the legends, not in order to rationalize them, but rather to adjust them to popular beliefs. Therefore, Pherecydes cannot be classed with the earlier mythographer Hecataeus of Miletus, whose Genealogiai ("Genealogies") were more skeptical and critical.

• Born at Euphorion in Eleusis.
• Fought at Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea.
• Visited Sicily (Revived Persae at the court of Hieron I (btwn. 472-468)
• 13 or 28 victories.
• Seven Against Thebes: 467.
• Supplices: 463.
• Oresteia: 458.

• Brought philosophy from Ionia to Athens.
• Held that 'Nous' was the cause of all change.
• Diog. Laert. tells us that he was the "first to declare that the poetry of Homer is concerned with virtue and justice."
• Charged with impiety. Pericles defended him in court.

• Poet of epinicia and dithyrambs.
• From Ceos.
• Nephew of Simonides.
• Successor to Stesichorus' tradition of extended lyric narrative.
• High proportion of direct discourse.

• One of the earliest Greeks to develop the theory of atomism.

Related to Herodotus.
Wrote an epic, the 'Heracleia' and an elegy, the 'Ionica'.
Heraclea was 9,000 lines long. At 14 Books, it was the longest pre-Alexandrian epic after the Iliad, Odyssey, and Antimachus' Thebaid.
Alexandrians included him in the canon of 5 epic poets.

The Ionica was an elegaic poem of 7,000 lines on the legendary colonization of Ionia.

• Ajax
• Antigone
• Trachiniae
• Electra (418-410)
• Philoctetes (409)

• Oedipus at Colonus (406)

• Won first place in two thirds of his competitions and never placed below third.

• Received heroic honors after death under the cult name 'Dexion'.

• Changed chorus members from 12 to 15.

• Began (or popularized) practice of producing trilogies on different subjects.

• Introduced skenographia.

• Wrote a book 'On the Chorus'

• Sophocles said that Aeschylus did the right thing without knowing what he was doing (Athenaeus 1.22a-b).

• From Agrigentum in Sicily.
• Wrote 'Peri Phuseos' in hexameters, a comprehensive account of the world. 4 roots: earth, air, fire, water. Love and strife.
• Addressed to Pausanias (placing it in the didactic tradition).
• Wrote 'Katharmoi', about man's fall from primal bliss and the means of redemption. Included theory about reincarnation.

• Influenced by Corax and Tisias, the 'inventors' of rhetoic in Sicily.
• Epideictic Oratory
  • Encomium of Helen
  • Defense of Palamedes
• Came to Athens in 427 BCE.
• Known for his prose style (homoeoteleuton, parison, isocolon)
• Wrote 'On the nonexistent or on nature', where he argues that nothing exists.

• Poet, philosopher, tragedian.
• Put out his first tragedy in 452 BCE.
• Tragedies: Agamemnon; Alkmene; Argeioi; Mega Drama; Phrouroi; Phoinix or Kaineus; Phoinix Deuteros; Teukros; Omphale; Eurytidai; Laertes.
• Wrote a dithyramb narrating the death of Antigone.
• Wrote some prose works, including a Pythagorean text, the Triagmos.
• Callimachus defended himself from criticisms of his 'polyeideia' by citing the example of Ion of Chios, whose work covered a similarly wide range.

• Oldest sophist.
• From Thrace.
• Befriended Pericles and Euripides.
• Asked by the Athenians to draw up a law code for the new colony in Thurii.
• 'Man is the measure'
• Wrote treatises, 'Aletheia', 'Katabalontes' (Refutations), 'Antilogiai', Technē Eristikōn, On the Gods.
• First to claim to make the weaker argument the stronger.
• Diog. Laert. says that he devised a taxonomy of speech acts.
• Examined the dramatic function of episodes in the Iliad.

• Earliest of the ten Attic orators.
• Zealous supporter of the oligarchy.
• 15 of Antiphon's speeches are extent; but 12 of them are part of tetralogies (school exercises like declamations).

• From Elea.
• Member of the Eleatic school founded by Parmenides.
• Zeno's arguments are perhaps the first examples of a method of proof called reductio ad absurdum (known in Greek as ἐπιχείρημα).

Wrote the epic 'Persica'.
Self-consciously sought a new path for epic.

His work includes the first mention of the legendary founding of Rome by the Trojans; he writes that the city was founded by Aeneas when accompanying Odysseus on travels through Latium.

Some thirty works are attributed to him—chronological, historical and episodical. Mention may be made of:
The Priestesses of Hera at Argon: a chronological compilation, arranged according to the order of succession of these functionaries
The Carneonikae: a list of the victors in the Carnean games (the chief Spartan musical festival), including notices of literary events
An Atthis, giving the history of Attica from 683 to the end of the Peloponnesian War (404), which is referred to by Thucydides (1.97), who says that he treated the events of the years 480-431 briefly and superficially, and with little regard to chronological sequence
Phoronis: chiefly genealogical, with short notices of events from the times of Phoroneus, primordial king in Peloponnesus.
Troica and Persica: histories of Troy and Persia.

• Third and last member of the Eleatic school.
• Wrote 'On Nature' and 'On the Heavens'.

• Successor of Leucippus.
• Most versatile philosopher of the later 5th century.
• Science, math, art, anthropology, linguistics (conventionalist).

• Interested in the fine distinctions of language.
• Rationalized the gods as concepts of nature.
• Best known passage = Choice of Heracles (cf. Xenophon's Memorabilia)

• Musician and dithyrambic poet, an exponent of the "new music."
• Wrote the only surviving nome, 'Persae'

• Dithyrambic poet, an exponent of the "new music."
• Introduced monodies into the choral songs of the dithyramb.
• Wrote a comical version of Galateia and Polyphemus, prefiguring Theocritus.

• Wrote the epic 'Thebais'
• Wrote the elegaic poem 'Lyde', which Callimachus later called "gross and muddled".
• Antimachus was the founder of "learned" epic poetry.
• Alexandrian critics allotted him the next place to Homer.
• He prepared a critical recension of the Homeric poems.
• 'Rococo verbal style'

Wrote an Argonautica

• Wrote Sokratikoi Logoi
• Was renowned in antiquity for his accurate portrayal of Socratic conversations.

• Pupil of Gorgias.
• 'Rival' of Isocrates.
• Wrotes declamation; we have two: (1) 'On Sophists', against Isocrates and arguing for the superiority of extemporaneous speeches over written, (2) 'Odysseus' in which Odysseus accuses Palamedes of treachery in Troy.
• Aristotle criticizes the pomposity of his style.
• Wrote the 'Museion', from which we derive the Contest of Homer and Hesiod. The text of the Certamen that has come down to us is the version of a grammarian from the time of Hadrian.
• Wrote 'Messianakos' advocating the freedom of the Messenians.
• 'Eulogy of Death'
• 'Technhe' (rhetorical handbook)
• 'Phusikos Logos'

• Greek grammarian, Cynic, philosopher, literary critic.
• Known as the Homeromastix.
• His monograph 'Homeric Questions' analyzed continuity errors in Homer and criticized Homer's treatment of the gods.
• Zoilus also wrote responses to Isocrates and Plato.

• First to use an acrostich. (F 14 b Snell)

• Cynic philosopher
• Teacher of Zeno.
• Popularized the principles of Diogenes the Cynic in short elegiac poems called 'Paignia'. They expressed serious moral points in a vivid and satirical style.
• Also wrote tragedies.

• Made the earliest collection of Aesop's Fables
• Put together a collection of the 'Sayings of the Seven Wise Men'

• Consul and dictator.
• His speech against Cineas, an envoy of Pyrrhus of Epirus, declaring that Rome would never surrender, is according to Cicero the first speech published in Rome.
• "every man is the architect of his own fortune" (Latin: quisque faber suae fortunae).

• Wrote 300 works.
• "On Nature" in 37 books.
• Letters.

-Appointed tutor to the heir to the throne of Ptolemaic Egypt.
- Philitas was the first major Greek writer who was both a scholar and a poet.
- Wrote 'Disorderly Words' (Ἄτακτοι γλῶσσαι), which described the meanings of rare literary words.
- Wrote 'Hermeneia', another scholarly work, probably containing Philitas' versions and critical interpretations of Homer and other authors.
- Wrote 'Demeter', in elegiac couplets
- Wrote the epyllion, 'Hermes'. Narrated Odysseus' secret affair with Polymele on Aeolus' island.
- Wrote 'Paignia'
- Almost everything he wrote seems to have been lost after the 2nd century BCE

After all, in a comic fragment of Strato (Kassel-Austin PCG VII, frag. 1), a contemporary of Philitas, a master of the house sputters in exasperation as he describes being driven to distraction because the cook he hired for a party possessed the peculiar and hilarious tic of speaking almost exclusively in Homerisms: “one would have had to use the books of Philitas and look up every word to check its mean- ing” (eßdei / ta; touÅ FilitaÅ lambavnonta bublÇa / skope∂n e§kaston tÇ duvnatai tΩn rJhmavtwn).

• Wrote ~ 300 works.
• 'On Nature' in 37 books; Letters, etc.

-Pupil of Philetas of Cos.
- First Librarian of the Library of Alexandria.
- First critical editor (διορθωτής) of Homer.
- His colleagues were Alexander of Aetolia and Lycophron of Chalcis.
- It is probable that he was responsible for the division of the Homeric poems into twenty-four books each
- Possibly the author of Tabula Iliaca, the calculation of the number of days in the Iliad.
- Wrote a Homeric γλῶσσαι, glosses.
- Introduced an organization system on the materials in the Library of Alexandria whereby texts were assigned to different rooms based on their subject matter. Within their subjects, Zenodotus organized the works alphabetically by the first letter of the name of their author.

• Epigrammatist and lyric poet.
• He received honorary citizenship in Delphi about 275 BCE.
• Closely associated and often confused with two other epigrammatists, Posidippus of Pella and Hedylus of Samos.

• Remembered for his Cynic-style diatribes
• Teles also wrote diatribes, but with less wit and bite than Bion.

-Tragic poet, grammarian, and commentator on comedy, to whom the poem Alexandra is attributed (perhaps falsely).
- The 'Alexandra' "may be the most illegible piece of classical literature, one which nobody can read without a proper commentary and which even then makes very difficult reading."
- Wrote On Comedy.
- Wrote anagrams.
- The Suda gives the titles of twenty tragedies, of which a very few fragments have been preserved: Aeolus, Allies (Symmakhoi), Andromeda, Chrysippus, Daughters of Aeolus, Daughters of Pelops, Elephenor, Herakles, Hippolytus, Kassandreis, Laius, Marathonians, Menedemus, Nauplius, Oedipus (two versions), Orphan (Orphanos), Pentheus, Suppliants (Hiketai), Telegonus, and the Wanderer (Aletes).

• Phaenomena, based on a prose treatise by Eudoxus. This is our first example of a poem based on a book. (Though see also the Phaedo, where Socrates versifies Aesop's fables). Callimachus praised the work in an epigram (27.4Pf = 56 G-P), calling it "a token of sleeplessness".

• Sceptic philosopher and pupil of Pyrrho.
• Wrote satyrical poems called 'Silloi'
• According to Diogenes Laërtius, he composed "lyric and epic poems, and tragedies and satiric dramas, and thirty comedies, and sixty tragedies and the Silloi and amatory poems.
• Wrote 'Python', which contained a long account of a conversation with Pyrrho during a journey to the Delphic oracle.
• Funeral Banquet of Arcesilaus was a satirical poem in epic verse.
• Wrote 'Silloi' in 3 Books (the invention of which form is ascribed to Xenophanes). In the first book he spoke in his own person, and the other two are in the form of a dialogue between the author and Xenophanes, in which Timon proposed questions, to which Xenophanes replied at length. The subject was a sarcastic account of the tenets of all philosophers, living and dead; an unbounded field for scepticism and satire. They were in hexameter verse, and, from the way in which they are mentioned by the ancient writers, as well as from the few fragments of them which have survived, it is evident that they were admirable productions of their kind.
• Indalmoi (Images) in elegiacs seems to have been similar to the Silloi.

• Seems NOT to have participated in the scholarly work at the Museum.
• No prose works.
• Idyll 16 = appeal for patronage to Hieron II of Syracuse (failure?)
• Moved to Alexandria btwn 275 and 270 BCE to the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus.
• Idyll 17 is a hymn in praise of Ptolemy Philadelphus.
• T's poems are all hexameters, with the exception of four poems in Lesbian meters and dialect (28-31).

- The scholia to Idyll 11 tell us that Nicias responded to Theocritus in a poem of his own. See also Callimachus Ep. 46.

• Epigrammatist.
• Has over 100 epigrams in the Palatine Anthology.
• Became very popular after his death.

• Wrote 'Mimiambi'
• The only author we know previously to have written mimes was Sophron of Syracuse in the 5th c. BCE.
• Mime 8 recounts a poet's dream, which the speaker interprets to mean that he would win fame by writing in the manner of Hipponax.

Dates uncertain (3rd c.)
- Cynic and satirist.
- His works, which are all lost, were an important influence on Varro and Lucian. The Menippean satire genre is named after him.
- Strabo and Stephanus call him the "earnest-jester" (σπουδογελοίος).

• Date uncertain.
• No reference to her is made before 1st c. BCE.
• Late tradition, however, makes her Pindar's contemporary.
• Choral poet (?)

• About 221 he was invited by Antiochus the Great to the court of Syria.
• He assisted in the formation of the royal library at Antioch, of which he held the post of librarian till his death.
• He wrote mythological epics (the Thrax), amatory elegies, epigrams and a satirical poem (Arae, "curses") after the manner of the Ibis of Callimachus.
• Like Lycophron, he was fond of using archaic and obsolete expressions, and the erudite character of his allusions rendered his language very obscure.
• His elegies were highly esteemed by the Romans—they were imitated or translated by Cornelius Gallus and also by the emperor Tiberius.
• Cicero refers to the neoterics as "cantores Euphorionis" (Tusc. 3.45)

• Prepared a new recension of the Iliad and Odyssey.
• Wrote epigrams (cf Greek Anthology)
• He wrote 'Messeniaca' in six books, dealing with the Second Messenian War and the exploits of its central figure Aristomenes.
• Wrote the Achaica, Eliaca, Thessalica, and Heracleia.
• The Heracleia was a long mythological epic, probably an imitation of the poem of the same name by Panyasis, containing the same number of books (fourteen).
• Favorite author of Tiberius (Suet. Tib. 70.2).

Wrote a Thebaid.

• Came to Rome in 272 BCE as a freedman.
• A grammaticus of Greek and Latin at Rome.
• Playwright and actor. Wrote comedies and tragedies, but less noted for his comedies.
• Wrote a 'partheneion' in honor of Juno in 207 BCE, for which he received public honors.
• His collegium scribarum histrionumque was installed in a public building, the temple of Minvera on the Aventine.
• Translated the Odyssey into Latin, in Saturnians (Odusia), which soon became a standard school text.
• His translation of Homer seems to have been deliberately archaizing. Renders the Muse as 'Camena', the ancient name of an Italic water divinity, relying on the etymology relating Camena and carmen.

• Wrote tragedies (9 titles) and comedies (28).
• Bellum Poenicum (in Saturnians). 4,000-5,000 lines. No book divisions; but the grammarian Lampadio arranged it into 7 books.
• Told the story of Aeneas and the First Punic war
• His Bellum Poenicum is the first Latin epic with a Roman theme; and his Romulus and Clastidium are the first titles we have of praetexta, tragedies with a Roman plot.

-Scholar, critic and grammarian, particularly renowned for his work in Homeric scholarship, but also for work on other classical authors such as Pindar and Hesiod.
-Succeeded Eratosthenes as Head Librarian.
-The first to deny that the Precepts of Chiron was the work of Hesiod.
-Credited with the invention of the accent system.
-Credited with dividing literature into 'canons'.

• Wrote Roman history in Greek (from Aeneas' founding of Latium to the end of the Second Punic War).
• Senator and magistrate.
• Polybius used his history as source material.

• Wrote a history of Rome from its foundations. In Greek, in annalistic form.

• Skilled orator
• Political ally of his kinsman Scipio Africanus
• Ennius praised him in his Annals as 'suadae medulla', the 'marrow of persuasion'.

• During the 2nd century BCE, 130 plays circulated under his name.
• Varro selected 21 (the 21 that have come down to us) that were surely authentic in his De Comoediis Plautinis.

• Skilled orator.
• Transferred the library of Perseus, king of Macedon, to Rome after defeating him in 168 BCE.

• Greatest orator of the 2nd century BCE. 'rem tene; verba sequentur,' an ostentation rejection of ars.
• 150+ speeches.
• De Agri Cultura, the earliest Latin prose text that has come down to us.
• Carmen de Moribus
• Apophthegmata (a collection of memorable sayings that went under Cato's name).
• Origines first history in Latin. 7 Books. The beginning of historiography in Latin. Book I: founding of Rome Book II & III: origins of Italian cities Book IV: First Punic War Book V: Second Punic War Book VI & VII: down to the praetorship of Servius Sulpicius Galba, in 152 BCE.

-According to the Suda, Aristarchus wrote 800 treatises (ὑπομνήματα) on various topics; these are all lost but for fragments preserved in the various scholia.
-Wrote a commentary on Herodotus.

• Close friend of Ennius.
• Caecilius, like Terence, had close relations with the influential actor and theatrical impresario Ambivius Turpio.
• 40 titles extant (all of palliatae).
• Caecilius was read during the Republic and under the Empire at least til the 2nd century.
• Sedigitus (100 BCE) put Caecilius first on the list of the ten best comedians.
• Seems to have preferred Menander.

• Went on campaign with Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, which culminated in the battle of Ambracia.
• Annals; praetextae; cothurnatae; comedies. He was the last Latin poet to write both tragedy and comedy.
• Hedyphaegetica ('Eating Well'), a didactic work on gastronomy, inspired by a Greek poem by Archestratus of Gela (c. 350 BCE). It may have been the first attested Latin poem in hexameters.
• Sota, a text in sotadean (a verse usually characterized by parodic or obscene work).
• Saturae (4 or 6 books).
• The Scipio
• The Euhemerus, perhaps written in prose.
• The Epicharmus
• The Protrepticus
• Epigrams in elegiac couplets.

• Ennius' nephew.
• Tragic poet (and painter). Not very prolific. We know of only 12 cothurnatae and 1 praetexta.

• Crates made a strong distinction between criticism and grammar, the latter of which he regarded as subordinate to the former. A critic, according to Crates, should investigate everything which could throw light upon literature; the grammarian was only to apply the rules of language to clear up the meaning of particular passages, and to settle the text, prosody, accentuation, etc.
• From this part of his system, Crates derived the surname of Kritikos.
• Like Aristarchus of Samothrace, Crates gave the greatest attention to the works of Homer, from his labours upon which he was also surnamed Homerikos. He wrote a commentary on the Iliad and Odyssey in nine books. S
• His principles were opposed to those of Aristarchus, who was the leader of the Alexandrian school. Crates was the chief representative of the allegorical theory of exegesis, and maintained that Homer intended to express scientific or philosophical truths in the form of poetry.
• Besides his work on Homer, Crates wrote commentaries on the Theogony of Hesiod, on Euripides, on Aristophanes, and probably on other ancient authors; a work on the Attic dialect; and works on geography, natural history, and agriculture, of all of which only a few fragments exist.

• Actor/producer Lucius Ambivius Turpio had a large part in Terence's success.

• Dates unclear. 2nd century BCE.
• The name Milesian tale originates from the 'Milesiaka' of Aristides of Miletus, who was a writer of shameless and amusing tales with some salacious content and unexpected plot twists. Aristides set his tales in Miletus, which had a reputation for a luxurious, easy-going lifestyle.

• 'Second to Theocritus'
• Bucolic poet
• Wrote the 'Europa', a poem in 166 hexameters. In the tradition of Homeric Hymns
• cf. Horace Odes 3.27.

• Stoic philosopher.
• Wrote 'On Duties' (principal source for Cicero's essay of the same name).
• Accompanied Scipio Africanus on an embassy.

-Hellenistic grammarian and a pupil of Aristarchus of Samothrace
- Wrote the first extant Greek grammar (τέχνη γραμματική)

• Tragic poet.
• Most of his poetical works were imitations or free translations of the Greek, especially Aeschylus.

• Divided Bellum Poenicum into 7 books.

• Bucolinc poet
• 'Funeral Lament for Adonis'

• He is credited with introducing Hellenistic epigram to Rome and fostering a taste for short, personal poems that comes to fruition with the lyric oeuvre of Valerius Catullus in the 50s BC.
• Translated Callimachus into Latin.
• Authored historical and autobiographical works (De Consulatu et de Rebus Gestis Suis).
• An orator of elegance (whom Cicero praised in De Oratore).

• Dates uncertain.
• Popularized Epicureanism in bad Latin prose, as did Catius a few decades later (see Cicero's Tusculan Disputations for the reference).

• Studied at Rhodes with Dionysius Thrax.
• Taught Varro and Cicero.
• Worked on the authenticity of Plautus' plays.

• Literary critic.
• Wrote De Poetis in verse.
• Pliny calls him an ilustris poeta and states that he got his cognomen because he was born with six fingers on each hand.

• Stoic philosopher and polymath.
• Continued Polybius' history from 146 BCE.

• Compiled an anthology called 'Garland', covering the Hellenistic period.
• Consisted of more than 48 poets; 33 were Hellenistic.
• Wrote epigrams himself, 132 of which are in the Palatine Anthology.

• Quaestor, tribune of the plebs, praetor.
• In 46 Caesar gave him the task of creating a large library.
• Wrote about 600 books.
• De Lingua Latina (25 books, dedicated to Cicero).
• De Re Rustica (3 books)
• Saturae Menippeae (150 books)
• books of short poems
• Antiquitates (25 books)
• Rerum Humanarum
• Rerum Divinarum
• De Familiis Troianis
• De Vita Sua
• Legationes
• De Poematis
• De Antiquitate Litterarum
• De Poetis

• Erotopaegnia (in 6+ books). Dealt with myths familiar from the epic and tragic tradition. Playful character.

• Left Rome during Sullan proscriptions and remained in Athens for over 20 years.
• Returned to Rome in 65 BCE.
• Published Cicero's speeches.
• Wrote 'Liber Annalis' in 47, covering all of Roman history up to the year 49.
• Published an album of great Romans, in which each portrait was accompanied by an epigram (modeled on Varro's version?).

• Wrote a hexameter translation of the Iliad.
• Wrote mimiabs intended for private reading, not performance.

• Epicurean philosopher and poet.
• Athens--Rome--Herculaneum.
• Had been previously known chiefly for his epigrams preserved in the Greek Anthology, but in the 18th c. many of his writings were found in Herculaneum.
• His prose works deal with music, rhetoric, ethics, signs, virtues and vices, the good king, and defend the Epicurean standpoint against the Stoics and the Peripatetics.
• Rhetorica
• 'On Poems' (only the 5th book is preserved). Contains useful information about the critical theory of other writers - e.g., Neoptolemus of Parium who influenced Horace in his Ars Poetica. (Neoptolemus of Parium was a 3rd c. author whom Porphyrion says Horace drew from)

• Roman soldier, historian, and annalist
• History in 23 books; only fragments remain.
• Sallust is said to have begun historical work as a continuation of Sisenna's.
• Sisenna also translated a collection erotic and picaresque tales by Aristides of Miletus entitled Milesiae fabulae, which was said to have served as a model for Petronius' Satyricon.

• Wrote Moretum in hexameters (the name refers to a rustic dish). Macrobius called it an Idyll, but it seems to be a pedant's discourses on different varieties of nuts.
• Wrote 'Pulli' (the Chicks), a poem in trochaic septenarii.

• Taken as captive to Italy.
• Wrote on Homer and grammar
• Knew Julius Caesar, Cicero (whose nephews he taught) and Atticus.
• Taught Strabo.
• Through Varro his writings had a great influences on Roman readers.
• Helped manage the library of Theophrastus (which had been removed to Rome from the spoils of Sulla and Lucullus).

• Reader and formidable critic of poetry, and a poet himself, he restores in Rome the tradition of the Alexandrian critic-philologist.
• An epigram said of him: Cato grammaticus, Latina siren qui solus legit ac facit poetas.
• He may have edited Lucilius.
• Wrote epyllia (Dictynna and Lydia).

• Pragmatia Belli Gallici, an epic poem on Caesar's Gallic Wars. Horace ridicules its pomposity.
• Lucubrationes, a wittily learned work in prose.
• Wrote harsh epigrams against Augustus et al.
• Ethiopid (?)

• De Viris Illustribus (16 books)
• Chronica (3 books)
• Exempla (5+ books)
• Biography of Cato the Censor and Cicero

• Commentarii Grammatici (29+ books)

• Commentarii de Bello Gallico in 7 books
• 8th added by his lieutenant Hirtius
• Commentarii de Bello Civili in 3 books
• Epigram on Terence
• Speeches (lost)
• De Analogia
• Poems (Laudes Herculis, Iter)
• Tragedy (Oedipus)
• Dicta Collectanea
• Anticato (2 books)

• Zmyrna, praised by Catullus 95
• Propempticon for Asinius Pollio in 56.

• Famous orator.
• Epigrams of political invective (like Catullus and Bibaculus)
• Epithalamia, love poems, etc.
• Io, an epyllion.

• Nigidius's reputation for learning was second only to that of Varro.
• Jerome calls him Pythagoricus et magus.
• Nigidius tried with some success to revive the doctrines of Pythagoreanism.
• His Commentarii grammatici in at least 29 books was a collection of linguistic, grammatical and antiquarian notes.
• Lucan concludes Book 1 of his Pharsalia with a portrayal of Nigidius uttering dire prophecies.

• Wrote Bellum Sequanicum, a poem on Julius Caesar's campaign against Ariovistus.
• Translated into Latin Apollonius' Argonautica.
• Leucadia, which the elegiac poets would regard as one of the earliest instances of Latin erotic poetry.
• Chronographia
• Ephemeris (on weather signs).

• Soldier, politician, orator, poet, playwright, literary critic and historian, whose lost contemporary history provided much of the material for the historians Appian and Plutarch. Covered the period from 60 BCE to the battle of Philippi.
• Pollio was most famously a patron of Virgil and a friend of Horace and had poems dedicated to him by both men.
• Founded the first public library at Rome in the Temple of Liberty.
• Wrote tragedies
• Wrote a history from first triumvirate (60 BCE) up to 42 BCE.
• Harsh critic of Cicero.
• In youth, close with Catullus and Helvius Cinna.
• High style was harsh, an affected spareness.

• Introduced Horace to Maecenas
• Praised in Eclogue 9
• Published the Aeneid at Augustus' behest.
• 'Thyestes' performed in 29 BCE
• De Morte (poem)
• Epicurean
• Panegyric of Octavian

• Expelled from Senate in 50 for moral turpitude.
• Fought on Caesar's side.
• Praetor in 46.
• Caesar named Sallust governor of Africa Nova (accused of embezzlement)
• Bellum Catalinae
• Bellum Iugurthae
• Historiae (unfinished; covered the period from 78 BCE - 67 BCE)

• Autobiography.
• Created a map of the world with commentarii, which Augustus had set up in a portico in the Campus Martius.

• Mid first century BC/AD?
• Chaereas and Callirhoe

• 4 books of elegies called 'Amores'

• Wrote Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἀρχαιολογία, the history of Rome from its origins to the First Punic War.
• Τέχνη ῥητορική
• Περὶ συνθέσεως ὀνομάτων
• Περὶ μιμήσεως
• Περὶ τῶν Ἀττικῶν ῥητόρων
• Περὶ λεκτικῆς Δημοσθένους δεινότητος
• Περὶ Θουκυδίδου χαρακτῆρος

Dionysian imitatio is the influential literary method of imitation as formulated by Greek author Dionysius of Halicarnassus in the first century BCE, which conceived it as the rhetorical practice of emulating, adaptating, reworking and enriching a source text by an earlier author.[1][2] It marked the beginning of the doctrine of imitation, which dominated the Western history of art up until 18th century, when the notion of romantic originality was introduced.

• Eclogues:
• Georgics: 30-29 BCE
• Aeneid: 28-17 BCE

• Satires 1 (35)
• Satires 2 and Epodes (30)
• Odes 1-3 (23)
• Epistles 1 (20)
• Carmen Saeculare
• Epistles 2 (13 or later)
• Ars Poetica
• Odes 4 (13)

• Ab Urbe Condita Libri (142 books) covering Aeneas' flight up to the death of Drusus, Augustus' stepson, in 9 BCE (or the defeat of Varro in the Teutoburg Forest)
• Books 1-10 and 21-45 are preserved.
• 150 book plan ending in the death of Augustus in AD 14?

• Roman didactic poet
• Ornithogonia
• Theriaca
• De Herbis

• Taken captive by a certain Cinna but freed in Rome 'on account of his culture (dia paidian)'.
• Wrote elegiac poetry: Lament for Arete, Encomium of Arete, Aphrodite, Delos.
• Wrote other poems on Heracles, Iphiclus, and Metamorphoses.
• Greek grammarian and poet. Wrote Erotica Pathemata, dedicated to Cornelius Gallus. Called 'the last of the Alexandrians'
• Macrobius says that Parthenius was Vergil's teacher.
• A favorite of Tiberius.

• Historiae Philippicae (44 books), a true universal history beginning with the earliest events in Babylon down to Trogus' own day. The middle books focused on the Macedonian empire.
• Stylistically an imitator of Sallust.

• Corpus Tibullianum
• Book 1 (25 BCE). Focuses on Delia.
• Lygdamus (?)

• Monobiblos (28)
• Introduced to Maecenas' circle (28), after the publication of his first book.
• Book 2 (25). Recusatio.
• Book 3 (22). Discidium.
• Book 4 (16). Aitia.

• De Architectura
• Officer in Caesar's engineering corps.

Amores (3 books, claimed to have been 5)
Heroides (poems 1-15)
Medea
Ars Amatoria
Remedia Amoris
Heroides (16-21)
Metamorphoses
Tristia
Epistulae ex Ponto

• Cynegetica
• Ovid mentions him in Epistulae Ex Ponto.

• Roman grammarian and teacher.
• Educated Gaius and Lucius, the grandsons of Augustus.
• Rerum Etruscarum Libri
• De Verborum Significatu (glossary of obsolete/difficult terms)
• Wrote up a Fasti, inscribed at Praeneste.

• Tiberius' cavalry commander in Germany.
• Praetor in 14 AD.
• Historiae (2 books) covered Rome's history from the remote past to the contemporary period.
• When it comes to deal with Tiberius, Velleius' history is virtually transformed into a panegyric.

• Theseis
• epigrams which are commended by Martial
• An epic poem on the exploits of Germanicus in the northern seas
• Quintilian awards him qualified praise as a writer of epics

• De Re Coquinaria (10 books), with later accretions.

• Wrote a vast encyclopedic handbook treating the 6 artes - agriculture, medicine, military art, oratory, philosophy, jurisprudence. Only the section on medicine remains.

• Adoptive son of Tiberius
• 'Aratea', translation of Aratus' Phaenomena. Dedicated to Tiberius
• Prognostica.

• 'Astronomica' (5 books)
• Stoic

• 5 books of fables in iambic senarii.

• Jewish philosopher.
• Philo used philosophical allegory to attempt to fuse and harmonize Greek philosophy with Jewish philosophy, following the methods of Jewish exegesis and Stoic philosophy.

• 'Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium' (31-32 AD).
• Very popular in antiquity.

• Doctor of Augustus and Horace.
• 'De Herba Vettonica.

• De Re Rustica (12 books)
• 10th book, De Culto Hortorum, written in hexameters to fill in the space Vergil left behind in the Georgics.
• De Arboribus

• Pure geographer.
• 'Chorographia' in 3 books (De situ orbis libri III)

• Wrote historical commentaries on Cicero's speeches, some of which survive.

• 'Compositiones', a book of prescriptions written for practical use.

• Commented on the works of Horace, Lucretius, Terence and Persius.

• Bucolic poet
• Allegorical conception of pastoral poetry
• Laus Pisonis (?)

• Satyricon Libri

• Roman historian who wrote 'Historiae Alexandri Magni' in 10 books.
• Forerunner of Alexander romance.

• De Iaculatione Equestri
• De Vita Pomponii Secundi
• Bella Germaniae
• Studiosus (6 books, a rhetoric handbook)
• Dubius Sermo (grammatical handbook)
• A Fine Aufidi Bassi (History of Rome from 50 CE-71 CE)
• Naturalis Historia (37 books)

• Recited the Laudes of the princeps at the Neronia of 60.
• Pharsalia in 10 books. The tenth is unfinished.
• Iliacon
• Catachthonion
• De Incendio Urbis
• Medea (unfinished tragedy)
• Saturnalia
• Silvae (10 books)
• Epigrams
• Libretti for pantomimes

• Punica (17 books) unfinished (?)
• Known to be the worst poet in Latin.
• Had a shrine to Vergil; bought his tomb.

• De Causis Corruptae Eloquentiae
• Artis Rhetoricae Libri II
• Institutio Oratoria (12 books)

• Argonautica (8 books), unfinished.

• Muthiamboi Aisopeioi, a collection in 2 books of mainly traditional fables turned into scazons, the type of iambic verse commonly used in lampoons and satire.

• Liber Spectaculorum
• 12 books of epigrams
• Xenia
• Apophoreta

• She is praised by Martial (x. 35, 38), who compares her to Sappho, as a model of wifely devotion and as the writer of poems that teach "girls to please one husband and husbands to please one wife."

• Stoic philosopher.
• His teachings were written down and published by his pupil Arrian in his Discourses.

• De Aquae Ductu
• Strategemata

Punica. 17 books. About the Second Punic War. 91 CE

Thebaid. (12 books) Published in 92.
Silvae. 89-96 CE (5 books)
Achilleid. 94-95 CE(Unfinished; 1.5 books)

• De Vita Iulii Agricolae (98)
• De Origine et Situ Germanorum (98)
• Dialogus de Oratoribus (101)
• Histories (12 or 14 books) (100-110)
• Annales (16 or 18 books, incomplete) (110-117)

• Epistulae (97-109 CE) 10 books.
• Panegyricus Traiani (100 CE)

• De Vita Caesarum
• De Viris Illustribus (De Illustribus Grammaticis; De Claris Rhetoribus; De Poetis; De historicis; Peri ton par' Hellesi paidion; Peri blasphemion ("Greek Terms of Abuse")

• 53 declamations

• The Incredible Wonders Beyond Thule (parodied by Lucian in the 160s)

• Historian and philosopher, highly regarded by Lucian.
• 'Discourses of Epictetus' (12 books, 4 of which survive)
• 'Handbook' (Egxeiridion) of Epictetus' teachings
• 'On the Heavens'
• 'On Comets'
• 'Circumnavigation of the Black Sea'
• 'Order of Battle Against the Alans'
• 'On Tactics'
• 'On Hunting'
• 'Lives of Timoleon and Dion'
• 'Anabasis' (150s, about Alexander's expedition)
• 'Bithynian history'

• 'Roman History' (in Greek)
• He claimed that his approach would make Rome's rise easier to understand and assess.

• Antiquarian.
• Taught Marcus Aurelius.

70 works

• Periegesis (10 Books)

• Anthia and Habrocomes
• Dates uncertain (no papyri)

-Noctes Atticae

• Meditations

• Noctes Atticae (20 books)

• Daphnis and Chloe
• Dates uncertain.

• Babyloniaca (39 books according to the Suda)

• Leucippe and Clitophon
• papyri from second century

• Roman historian writing in Greek. Senator.

• Roman historian writing in Greek.
• From Bithynia

• Aethipoica
• Early/mid third c. or late forth c. AD.

• Neoplatonist.
• Porphyry collected his essays into 6 books of 9 essays each, thus their title, 'Enneads'.

'Translated' (?) Dictys' Ephemeridos belli Trojani

• Capture of Troy (hexameter poem in 691 lines)
• Other recorded titles include Marathoniaca and The Story of Hippodamea.

Posthomerica in hexameters (14 books). Date controversial.

Dionysiaca. 48 books.
Metabole. A poetic paraphrase of the Gospel of John. 3,500 lines of hexameters.
Bassarica (lost)
Battle of the Giants (lost)

A Latin 'translation' of 'de excidio Trojae historia', professed to have been written by Dares Phrygius.

• Epitomized the Greek novels.