History of the World

1st British PM
During reigns of George I and George II
Whig

Whig
Led British during Seven Years' War

Youngest PM
Son of William Pitt the Elder
During reign of George III
Referred to himself as "independent whig"

British Conservative
Repealed the Corn Laws
Helped create modern concept of police force ("Bobbies" & "Peelers")
Issued the Tamworth Manifesto (1834)

aka "Pam" or "The Mongoose"
Most recent PM to die in office
During US Civil War

Leberal
Rivalry with Disraeli
Bad relations with Queen Victoria
Oldest Prime Minister
Served in Cabinet of Sir Robert Peele

Conservative
Rivalry with Gladstone
Friendship with Queen Victoria

Conservative
Rivalry with Gladstone
Friendship with Queen Victoria

Leberal
Rivalry with Disraeli
Bad relations with Queen Victoria
Oldest Prime Minister
Served in Cabinet of Sir Robert Peele

Leberal
Rivalry with Disraeli
Bad relations with Queen Victoria
Oldest Prime Minister
Served in Cabinet of Sir Robert Peele

Guided Britain through WWI

1st Labour PM in UK

1st Labour PM in UK

Conservative
Known for his appeasement foreign policy
Signing of Munich Agreement in 1938

led UK during WWII
Only British PM to receive Nobel Prize in Literature
1st person to be made Honorary Citizen of US
Wrote such pieces as "Savrola", "The River War", "The Second World War"

Replaced Churchill at Potsdam Conference
Longest ever Serving Leader of British Labour Party

led UK during WWII
Only British PM to receive Nobel Prize in Literature
1st person to be made Honorary Citizen of US
Wrote such pieces as "Savrola", "The River War", "The Second World War"

Leader of Labour Party
Only person to have served in all four of the Great Offices of State: PM, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary

Longest serving PM of UK in 20th c.
Only British PM
"Iron Lady"
Conservative
Led Britain during Falklands War

Led British involvement in Gulf War
Claimed to have negotiated "Game, Set and Match for Britain" at the Maastricht Treaty (Dec. 1991)

Labour Party
Supported foreign policy of President George W. Bush

VP - John Adams
No party
Sec of State - Jefferson
Sec of Treasury - Hamilton
Sec of War - Knox
Sec of Navy - Randolf

VP - Thomas Jefferson
Federalist Party

VP - Aaron Burr, George Clinton
Democratic-Republican Party
Sec of State - Madison

VP - George Clinton, Elbridge Gerry
Democratic-Republican
Sec of State - Monroe

VP - Daniel Tompkins
Democratic-Republican
Sec of State - Quincy Adams
Sec of War - Calhoun
Era of Good Feeling

VP - Calhoun
Sec of State - Clay

VP - Calhoun, Van Buren
Sec of State - Van Buren
Sec of War - Eaten
One of two presidents to be impeached

VP - R. Johnson

VP - Tyler
Sec of State - Webster
Died one month into office

No VP
Secs of State - Webster, Calhoun
The "Accidental President"

VP - Dallas

VP - Fillmore
Sec of State - Clayton
Sec of War - Crawford

No VP
Postmaster General - Hubbard

VP - King
Sec of War - Jefferson Davis

VP - Breckinridge
Attorney General - Edwin Stanton

VP - Hamlin, Johnson
Sec of State - Seward
Sec of Treasury - Chase
Sec of War - Stanton
Assassinated - by JWB

No VP
Sec of State - Seward

VP - Colfax, H. Wilson

VP - Wheeler

VP - Arthur
Sec of War - Robert Lincoln
Assassinated by Charles I. Guiteau

No VP
Sec of War - Robert Lincoln

VP - Hendricks

VP - Morton

VP - Adlai Stevenson I

VP - Hobert, Roosevelt
Republican
Assassinated bby Leon Golgosz

VP - Fairbanks
Attempted assassination by John Schrank
Sec of War - Taft
Sec of Interior - James A. Garfield (Son of President Garfield)

VP - Sherman

VP - Marshall
Sec of State - William Jennings Bryan

VP - Coolidge
Sec of Interior - Albert Fall
Sec of Commerce - Hoover

VP - Dawes
Sec of State - Kellogg (Kellogg-Bryan Pact aka Pact of Paris)
Sec of Commerce - Hoover

VP - Curtis
Hoover Towns, Hoover Flags, etc.

VP - Garner, Wallace, Truman
Sec of Labor - Francis Perkins (1st Female Cabinet Member)

VP - Barkley
Sec of Labor - Francis Perkins

VP - Nixon

VP - LBJ
Attorney General - Robert F. Kennedy
Assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald

VP - Humphrey
Attorney General - Robert Kennedy

VP - Ford
Sec of State - Kissinger
Watergate Scandal (Woodward & Bernstein, Mark Felt aka "Deepthroat")

VP - Rockefeller
Sec of State - Kissinger

VP - Mondale

VP - H.W. Bush

VP - Quayle
Sec of Defense - Cheney

VP - Al Gore
Sec of State - Madeline Albright (1st Female Sec of State)
One of two presidents to be impeached

VP - Cheney
Sec of State - Powell, Rice

VP - Biden
Sec of State - Clinton, Kerry
Sec of Treasury - Geithner, Lew
Sec of Defense - Panetta, Hagel
Attorney General - Holder
Sec of Interior - Salazar, Jewell
Sec of Agriculture - Vilsack
Sec of Commerce - Byson, Blank
Sec of Labor - Solis, Harris
Sec of Health & Human Services - Sebelius
Sec of Housing & Urban Development - Donovan
Sec of Transportation - LaHood
Sec of Energy - Chu, Poneman
Sec of Education - Duncan
Sec of Veterans Affairs - Shinseki
Sec of Homeland Security - Napolitano
SCOTUS Appointees: Sotomayor, Kagan

Sparta (Peloponnesian League) vs Athens (Deli an League)
Began with Battle of Oenoe
Ended with ratification of Thirty Years' Peace

Sparta (Peloponnesian League) vs Athens (Athenian Empire)
Three phases: Archidamian War, Attack in Sicily, Decelean War (or Ionian War)
Ended Golden Age of Greece

Involved Greeks, Romans and Carthaginians
Source of term "Pyrrhic victory"
Would eventually culminate in the Punic wars

First of three wars between Ancient Carthage and Roman Republic
Carthage is located in what is today Tunisia
The two powers struggled for power in: Sicily, Apennine peninsula, North Africa
Punici - Latin name for Carthaginians

aka The Hannibalic War (by the Romans), The War Against Hannibal, The Carthaginian War
Crucial participation of Numidian-Berber armies
Involved Hannibal's crossing of the Alps and crushing victories over Romans at Battle of the Trebian and giant ambush at Trasinene
Romans deployed the Fabian Strategy
Iberia served as main source of manpower for Cathaginian army
Roman expedition under Scipio Africanus ended Carthaginian rule over Iberia in Battle of Ilipa
Battle of Zama - final showdown - in Africa between Scipio Africanus and Hannibal
Hannibal's forces lost and harsh peace conditions on Carthage
First Macedonian War - sideshow of Second Punic War

Invasion of England by William, Duke of Normandy who became known as William the Conqueror after victory at Battle of Hastings Defeating King Harold II of England
Led to a period known as Norman England

Attempt by Roman Catholic England to regain the Holy Lands taken in Muslim conquests of Levant
Resulted in recapture of Jerusalem in 1099
Launched by Pipe Urban II
European crusaders travelled first to Constantinople then to Jerusalem

In response to fall of County of Edessa
Announced by Pope Eugene III
First crusade led by European kings such as Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany
Expulsion of Moorish occupants from Lisbon

Guelphs and Ghibellines were factions supporting the Pope and Holy Roman Empire respectively
Struggle for power between Papacy and HRE had arisen from the Investiture Conflict which began in 1075 and ended in 1122 with Concordat of Worms

aka King's Crusade
Attempt by European Leaders to reconquered the Hily Land from Saladin
Failure in ultimate goal to reconquer Jerusalem - would lead to Fourth Crusade
Henry II of England and Philip II of France ended conflict with each other to lead new crusade (Richard the Lionhearted took over for Henry on his death)
HRE Frederick Barbarossa responded to call to arms - his successor was Leopald V of Austria

Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and attacked the Christian (Eastern Orthodox) city of Constantinople (Capital of the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire)
One of final acts in the Great Schism between Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church
The Crusaders established the Latin empire

Initiated by Pope Innocent II to well eliminate Catharism in Languedoc
The Cathers were a medieval Christian sect with a neo-manichaean philosophy - became known as the Albigensians as it gained many adherents in the city of Albi and surrounding area in the twelfth and thirteenth century

Commonly separated into three phases (or four): Edwardian war, Caroline war, Lancastrian war
Saw slow decline of Plantagenet fortunes and appearance of Joan of Arc
Other wars directly related to this crisis: Breton War of Succession, Castilian Civil War, War of the Two Peters
Plantagenets lost land including Gascony which they had held since marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine to Henry II but retained the Pale of Calais

aka Wat Tyler's Rebellion or Great Rising of 1381
Leaders included John Ball, Wat Tyler, Jack Straw

Series of civil wars for the throne of England
Between supporters of two rival branches of House of Plantagenet: houses of Lancaster(white rose) and York (red rose)
Final victory of Henry Tudor (crowned Henry VII) over last Yorkist king Richard III at Bosworth
House of Tudor ruled England after
Henry of Bolingbroke (crowned Henry IV) had established House of Lancaster
Henry V maintained hold on crown and infant son Henry VI took over after he died
Margaret of Anjou - queen to Henry VI
First open fighting at First Battle of St Albans
Richard of York defeated Henry and returned to England to become Protector of England
Henry eventually murdered in Tower of London

Divided the New World between Spain and Portugal
Resulted from (Spanish-born) Pope Alexander VI granting lands to Spain and established a line west of the Cape Verde islands between future Spanish possessions (west) and Portuguese possessions (east)

Collective name for two treaties ending the Thirty Years' War
Signed by the Holy Roman Empire, minor German states, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic
Confirmed the principle of "cuius regio eius religo" - that a ruler's religion determined that of his country

Mostly ended the War of Spanish Succession
Signed by France and Spain for one side and by Britain, Savoy, and the United Provinces (The Netherlands) for the other
Confirmed Bourbon prince (Philip, Duke of Anjou) on the Spanish throne

Ended the War of 1812
Due to the distance between the Belgian city of Ghent and the US, the treaty did not prevent the Battle of New Orleans two weeks later
The treaty had minimal effect

aka - Transcontinental Treaty
Settled a boundary dispute between the US and Spain that arose following the Louisiana Purchase
Negotiated by then-Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
Sold Florida to the US in exchange for payment of citizens claims against Spain

Ended the Mexican-American War
Signed in namesake neighborhood of Mexico City
Most significant result: the "Mexican Cession" - transferred California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of four other states to the US
Made the Rio Grande the boundary between Texas and Mexico

Ended the Spanish-American War
Transferred Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico to the US, while making Cuba (ostensibly) independent
Beginning of American imperialism

Ended the Russo-Japanese War
Signed after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize)
The treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more

Signed by the Bolshevik government of the new USSR and Germany
The USSR needed to make peace to focus on defeating the "Whites" (royalists) in the Russian Civil War
Gave up Ukraine, Belarus, and the three Baltic countries after Germany invaded
Nullified by the Treaty of Versailles

Ended WW1
Noted for "Big Four" - Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd-George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando
Included discussions of Wilson's Fourteen Points (ex - League of Nations)

Created the independent country of the Vatican City, made Catholicism the state religion of Italy, and determined the proper remuneration for Church property taken by Italy
Signed by Benito Mussolini and a representative of Pope Pius XI

Negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel's Menachem Begin.
Brokered by US President Jimmy Carter
Resulting peace treaty returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normolized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries
Isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981