Mexican Revolution 1820-1920 TImeline

On August 24, 1821, representatives of the Spanish crown and General Iturbide signed the Treaty of Córdoba, which recognized Mexican independence under the terms of the Plan of Iguala.

The Texas Declaration of Independence was the formal declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. It was adopted at the Convention of 1836 on March 2, 1836, and formally signed the following day after errors were noted in the text.

War between U.S. and Mexico. Four campaigns: Taylor in Northern Mexico, Kearny in New Mexico, naval blockage of both coasts, and Scott’s campaign from Vera Cruz to Mexico City.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the War. Terms of peace included the forced Mexican Cession of the territories of Alta California and New Mexico to the U.S. in exchange for $15 million. In addition, the United States assumed $3.25 million of debt owed by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens.

The Liberals wanted a federalist government, limiting traditional Catholic Church and military influence in the country. The Conservatives wanted a centralist government, even a monarchy with the Church and military keeping their traditional roles and powers. This struggle erupted into a full civil war when the Liberals, then in control of the government after ousting Antonio López de Santa Anna, began to implement a series of laws designed to strip the Church and military, but especially the Church, of its rights, powers and property.

The Constitution established individual rights such as freedom of speech; freedom of conscience; freedom of the press; freedom of assembly; and the right to bear arms. It also reaffirmed the abolition of slavery, eliminated debtor prison, and eliminated all forms of cruel and unusual punishment, including the death penalty.

French army captured Mexico City and Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Hungary became Emperor of Mexico. In 1867, French withdrew and Maximilian is executed at Querétaro.

Juárez was controversially re-elected President in 1867 and 1871, using the office of the presidency to ensure electoral success and suppressing revolts by opponents such as Porfirio Díaz. Benito Juárez died of a heart attack in 1872 while reading a newspaper at his desk in the National Palace in Mexico City.

The period of his leadership was marked by significant internal stability, modernization, and economic growth, but was also marked by economic repression of the public.

Madero called for revolt against Díaz, and the Mexican Revolution began. Díaz was forced from office and fled the country for Spain on May 31, 1911. On July 2, 1915, after two marriages and three children, Díaz died in exile in Paris.