rail network 46% increase

Humiliation of Olmutz: prussia abandons Erfurt Union plan

helped prussia's development by further integrating it into the economy of western Europe

Bismarck manipulated telegram to make it appear as if the French had disrespected Prince Leopold and German sovereignty

In Versailles William I was proclaimed the emperor of the Second German Empire

Bismarck is appointed Imperial Chancellor

Prussia held executive power in this confederation in contrast to the German confederation

Prime minister of Piedmont, was a monarchist however preffered to limit the power of the king through parliament. Hence a constitutional Monarchist.

Mazzini promoting a unified Italy through discord unrest and violence.

Unorganized liberal/nationalist uprisings across Italy in Sicily and Naples etc. In the North they were Nationalist as they disliked the Austrians and in the South Liberal

War between Piedmont-Sardinia and Austria over Austrian control in Lombardy. Austria was militarily stronger and won over Piedmont at Novara

France, Britain and Piedmont VS Russia
Cavour (Piedmont) see this as an opportunity to gain powerful allies

he fails at assenting Napoleon 3 but while he is in prison awaiting execution he write passionate letters to Napoleon 3 begging for him to support the Italian unification cause. Napoleon sympathised with the Italian struggle

Agreement between France and Piedmont that France would help Piedmont if they were ever attacked by Austria
Things agreed at Plombières:
France would help Piedmont if they were ever attacked by Austria
France would get Nice and Savoy
the Pope would be left alone

France and Piedmont VS Austria
over Austrian control in Lombardy
France helped Piedmont as agreed under the Plombières treaty
French sign a peace treaty with Austria and Piedmont gets Lombardy but not al the land agreed under Plomières treaty

he resigned after he got upset that the French didn't completely uphold their end of the Plombières treaty as Piedmont didn't gain all of the territory wanter after the 2nd war of independence

the small central states held plebiscites where the results were in favour of joining a unified northern Italy

Not including Venice and Rome as they are to annexed later

Italy now completely unified