1450-1750

The Aztecs established a tribute empire after conquering its neighbors. The society was stratified with class nobles, peasants, and slaves. Also organized into clans(calpulli). economy based on market place under goverment regulation.

British government formed partnerships with trading companies, and was most interested in profits.

Enhanced state treasuries by direct taxes, fines, and fees. Had state power enlarged and more centralized with standing army. Model of royal absolutism.

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) devastated the region and weakened the power of Holy Roman emperors. Peace of Westphalia (1648) took away nearly all power of HRE and affirmed the independence of small German states, Prussia becoming the strongest.

A tribute empire that had the mita system, where its subjects provided labor for goverment cotrolled lands. The Incas mastered the intergration of diverse peoples within thier empire.

The Ming dynasty expelled the Mongols and scholar-gentry was restored. The Confucian-based civil service exam was reinstated and expanded. Neo-Confucianism supported strict obidience to the state.

The Ottomans established an empire around Anatolia. After the conquest of Constantinople, they united most of the Arab world and in the fifteenth century became a great naval power. The Ottoman empire focused on warfare using Janassaries.

Portuguese exploration was encouraged and fully supported by Prince Henry the Navigator and Portugal had previous trade relations with many Muslim countries. The power of the Portugeuse began to dwindle.

The first Tsars expanded power and the growing Russian empire into Siberia and Central Asia. They worked to gain power over the boyarsand to create a strong central government. Romanov Dynasty started in 1613.

Used Islamic practices and Islam as an invaluable instrument for political and cultural control. Extended Songhay’s frontiers across the middle Niger to include Mali, and eastward to the Hausalands.

Developed into absolute monarchies, or governments in which the king held all power. Newfound wealth from trade using the Manila Galleons and silver.

The empire's rulers were Muslim,butthe Safavid Empire used religion differently to promote order and stability within its realm. Shah Ismail I succeeded in establishing religious unity among most of his subjects by encouraging their conversion to the Shi'a sect of Islam.

Superior gunpowder technology used to conquer a large portion of northern India. The strain between the Muslims and Hindus and the warfare and defense efforts led to it's decline. Its centralized government broke down and led to numerous political organizations.

The Tokugawa family brought a degree of centralized authority to Japan and broke up many large estates of the daimyo.

China was ruled by the Manchus, a tribe of foreigners from northeastern China. The Qing Dynasty adopted the form of government used during the Ming Dynasty with only minor adjustments. They maintained their domination of the Chinese while preserving their own identity.

A philosophy that blended Confucianism with Buddhism and Daoism. Reintroduced with the the Ming China Dynasty.

A walled section of Beijing that encloses the palace that was formerly the residence of the emperor of China.

The Columbian Exchange was a sea trade connecting the “Old World” and the “New World”. Food and animals were traded across the Atlantic, along with people, diseases, and weapons.

The forced removal of Africans from their homeland to serve as slaves in the Americas.

Both the Dutch and the English organized private trading companies to handle Indian Ocean trade. They displaced the Portuguese and competed with each other. Dutch and English also became involved in “carrying trade” within Asia.

It was a time of the Science and thinkers of natural law. It weakend the influence of organizede religion and ecouraged secular values based on reason rather than revelation.

Brought together many investors to minimize the risks and costs of investments giving way to exploration. It was privately held, with government support. Shares were bought by individuals and the shared investment was used to buy ships/finance trade. Two examples were the Dutch East India Company, which had a monopoly over spice trade and the English East India company.

A three way system of trade in which Africa sent slaves to America; America sent raw materials to Europe; and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa.

The Ottomans seized Canstantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire.

It was intended to discover secret Muslims and Jews. Used by the Spanish monarchy to detect Protestant heresy and politiacl dissidents.

Divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Spanish and the Portuguese along a north-south meridian west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa).

Battle in northern Persia between Sunni and Shi'a forces.The Safavids were defeated and started the westward advance of Shi'ism and decimated the ranks of the Turkic warriors who had built the Safavid empire.

Started by Martin LUther when he wrote the 95 theses and attacked the Catholic Churchs sale of indulgences. The movement was widespread in Germany; many churches reformed their services to reflect Protestant doctrine.

Response of the CAtholic Church to the Protestant Reformation. Reformation decided with the Council of Trent. Created The Scociety of Jesuits.

The directed reform of the Catholic Church. 1. The Pope stays the final authority 2. The Bible is also the final authority 3. The clergy needed to be educated 4. The Society of Jesuits was founded

First permanent English settlement in the Americas along the James river.

Founded by navigator and explorer Samuel de Champlain. Set up as a trading post city.

Japans contacts with the Dutch to keep informed about Western Developments.

Started with commercial rivalries that had developed from European exploration and desire to establish trading posts in the Americas and Asia. Britain eventually dominated global trade and used this to create a global empire.