Timline-1450-1750 (Early Modern)

The Holy Roman Empire was not holy, not roman, and not an empire. The HRE claimed to be an extension of the Western Roman Empire after its fall.

The Spanish Inquisition under the ruling of Ferdinand II and Isabella that the Orthodoxy of Spain stay the same. Later Muslims and Jews were posed with converting or leaving.

Henry VIII was the king of England during the Protestant Reformation. A devout Catholic, Henry VIII created church of England creating Anglican denomination so he could divorce his first wife. Henry VIII married multiple women and his children were Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth.

Machiavelli most famous for his book The Prince, published after losing his title as Second Chancery of Florence. The Prince described that a ruler must be strict as no ruler can rule effectively if he is both loved and feared and that a ruler should look for the affairs of his empire not his personal gain.

Renaissance mathematician/astronomer who created the Heliocentric model of the Universe placing the Sun at the center of the universe instead of the Earth.

Martin Luther was the main person involved with the begining of the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther posted the 95 theses proclaiming his concerns about the Roman Catholic church. 1521 Luther refused to recant his writings at the diet of worms as was excommunicated by the pope and outlawed by the emperor.

Started with the posting of the 95 theses by Martin Luther. The Protestant Reformation led to further division from the catholic church and creation of new christian denominations (Lutheranism and Calvinism).

Elizabeth, a protestant, came to the thrown after the death of her sister Mary. Elizabeth came to power when England was broken. Elizabeth pulled the pieces together and created the golden age of England during her reign.

First and most powerful daimyo to unify China. He was very brutal and was murdered by one of his generals.

Protestant reformer in France later giving rise to strict reformed doctrines of Christianity later called Calvinism. Calvinism influenced the Protestant reformation in Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, and Scotland.

Loyola was a religious leader during the counter reformation in Spain. Loyola created the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and was a Catholic himself.

The Catholic Reformation started with the formation of the Council of Trent in 1545 and the end of the 30 years war. The Catholic reformation gave more education to the pope and the clergy, stopped the selling of indulgences, and led the bible to be the word of god with the exception that it be interpreted through the pope. The catholic reformation was used as an attempt to stop the spread of the Protestant reformation and get people back in the catholic church.

The Council of Trent helped reform the Catholic church during the Catholic reformation. The Council of Trent decided what Protestant heresies were and thus the church decided who was to be condemned under the ruling of the most important council of the church.

Galileo was an Italian philosopher, scientist, mathematician and astronomer. Galileo is credited with the title of "father of science." Galileo, with a telescope, discovered that the moon and planets were made of matter and also discovered that the planets revolved around the sun.

Hobbes wrote the Social Contract. His book describes a system of government very similar to Chinese legalism with the power residing in an absolute monarch. Hobbes believed all humans had an underlying tone of evil therefore required a very strict ruling.

King Louis XIV of France, also referred to as the Sun king, was the longest ruling monarch of French history. Louis sought to rid France of feudalism while representing an absolute monarch.

Locke gave birth to the pre-modern idea of liberalism. Locke's political reformation ideas inspired many such as Voltaire and the United States declaration of independence . Locke's idea of Tubula Rosa explains how characteristics are learned through environment.

Main focus was to turn the point of thinking to Reason. The Enlightenment did not encourage the disproving the church but many new ideas challenge the previous ideas of the church causing yet another division within the church.

Francois Aroueot most commonly referred to as Voltaire was an advocate for freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the separation from the Catholic church. Voltaire was a French enlightenment writer, philosopher, and historian.

The Russian empire expansion was aided by the trade of furs gained in Siberia. Russia expanded not only for furs, but also a a safety precaution to prevent neighboring people from invading their territory. Russias expansion was also aided by their extremely clever usage of rivers. Russia was mainly Christain Orthodox and modeled itself after the Byzantine Empire.

Genevan Philosopher, writer, and composer involved mainly in pre-modern romanticism. Rosseau during the French revolution wrote romantic fiction and composed numerous successful operas. Rosseau was a part of the Huegonot republic and a renounced Calvinist.

Smith was a Scottish economists arguing the fact that self interested capitalism was the best for society as a whole.

Catherine the Great, married to Peter III of Russia, was the longest ruling empress of Russia. Catherine began modernizing Russia with still very high rate of Serfs. After Catherine's death, her husband, Peter III, became emperor of Russia and set Russia's path to Westernization.

Spanish conquest 1519-1521. The Aztec empire was located in Mesoamerica in Mexico. The Aztecs conquered for subjects to include in their religious ceremonies of human sacrifice.

Located in the Andean Mountain range, the Inca Empire had no large animals able to be domesticated, professional army and a bureaucracy. 1532-1540 was the Spanish conquest.

Montezuma was the fifth Aztec emperor and king of Tenochtitlan. During Montezuma's reign the Aztec empire consolidated and rapidly expanded.

Divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.

Spanish conquistador that led the expedition that put an end to the Aztec empire.

Pizarro conquered the Inca empire during the reign of Atahualpa. Pizarro, an illiterate man, was a distant cousin of Cortes and sailed with the famous explorer Vasco de Balboa.

Atahualpa was the last Incan Emperor of the Inca Empire. His reign was a little more than a year and ended due to Francisco Pizzaro and his Spanish conquest ultimatley ending the Inca empire.

Established as first permanent English settlement in North America.

French Colony in Quebec established.

Triangular shaped trade during the transatlantic slave trade linking the Carribean, the Americas, and Africa.

Ali was the first king of the Songhay empire. Under Ali's rule, Songhay captured Timbuktu and was a devote Muslim.

The Songhay empire was the largest empire in West Africa and was formed by Emperor Sunni Ali. During his reign Timbuktu became a major cultural center and drew on education in the Islamic world.

The displacement of people around the world, such as the transatlantic slave trade.

Most apparent during the end of the Tang Dynasty and the beginning of the Song Dynasty. Neo-Confucianism was slightly influenced by Daoism and Buddhism.

The Ming dynasty was Chinas recovery from the Mongol rule. Chinas goal was to rechinafy china and by doing so; China planted nearly 1 billion trees, redoing the civil service exams, power again held under the emperor, and rebuilding the infastructure.

Chinese mariner. Zheng He led expeditions through out the Indian Ocean bringing gifts and receiving tribute from the places he traveled to.

HUGE Chinese Imperial Palace constructed in the Ming Dynasty. The Imperial Palace is located in Beijing, China and is still able to be seen today!

An Italian Jesuit. Ricci set himself in China and searched for Converts.

The 15th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan. Main focus was to solidify the shogunate. Ieyasu brings the Daimyos under control, and ultimately unifies Japan. Holds to the idea of "we will teach."

The Tokugawa Shogunate unified Japan and forbade Japanese from traveling abroad. The Japanese did not allow European interaction with exception of the Dutch because they were not as focused as recruiting converts.

The interaction between Japan and the Dutch when Japan was closed off to foreign encounters. The Japanese learned Western European technology from the Dutch allowing japan to grow a technological base.

The Qing Dynasty was Chinas last Imperial dynasty.

Kangxi was the longest ruling emperor in Chinese history. Kangxi ruled during the Qing empire. Kangxi blocked Russian invaders and increased literacy.

Qianlong, the grandson of Kangxi, suppressed scholars and burnt nearly 2,500 books. Qianlong was very interested in European art and architecture.

The Ottoman empire was founded by Osman Bey. The Ottomans were Sunni Muslim and conquered Constantinople through the ruling of Mehmed II. The Ottomans had their golden age under Suleyman I. The Ottomans had a great Navy and conquered land in the Middle East.

Conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine empire.

1453 the Ottoman Turks gained Constantinople under the rule of Mehmed II.

Founder of the Safavid empire. Tried to force everyone to convert to Shia Islam.

Located between two Sunni Muslim empires, The Safavid empire controlled the land of what use to be the Persian empire. The Safavid empire was a Shia Muslim state, a very rare encounter.

Battle between the Ottoman Turks and the Safavid empire. The Ottomans ultimately won the battle. The battle took place because of Shah Ismail's attempt to convert everyone to the Shia form of Islam.

Built up the Ottoman military, encouraged the development of the arts, and tried to push into Europe through Hungary. Suleiman I created the golden age of the Ottoman empire.

The Muhgal empire was a mix of both Muslim culture and Hindu culture. Under the rule of Akbar, Hindus were given religious toleration and were allowed to practice Hinduism without the imposed Jizya tax. Akbar was the golden age of the Muhgal Empire. When Aurangzeb came to power religious toleration went away and the Muhgal empire fell allowing British forces to take over.

Unified India during the Muhgal empire as he provided religious toleration,eliminated Jizya tax, eliminated sati, and improved roles of women. The Muhgal empires golden age was during the reign of Akbar.