1450-1750 Early Modern Era

great Chinese maritime explorer. made voyages in the Indian Ocean. greatly helped China in the Indian Ocean maritime trade.

Portuguese royal prince, soldier, and patron of explorers. sent many sailing expeditions down Africa's west coast, but didn't go himself. Expeditions to create needed maps of West African Coast, defeat the Muslims, spread Christianity, and establish trade routes. Helped begin Great Age of Discovery.

german. invented printing press, which helped spread protestant revolution.

German priest that started Protestant Reformation in 1517. 95 theses. faith and faith alone.

Sultan of Ottoman empire. Conquered Constantinople and brought end to Byzantine Empire.

Sent by Portuguese King John II to explore coast of Africa and find way to Indian Ocean. rounded southernmost tip of Africa in January, 1488. Portuguese named the tip the Cape of Good Hope and Dias lost at sea during expedition around Cape in 1500.

Italian. 'discovered' new world in 1492 on expedition sponsored by King Ferdinand of Spain.

Portuguese explorer. 1497- commissioned by Portuguese king to find maritime route to the East. succeeded. made two other voyages to India and was named Portuguese viceroy in India in 1524.

in West Africa, founder of Songhay empire. called "Ali the Great". reigned 1464-1492. Songhay passed Mali at its peak during his rule.

ninth ruler of Tenochtitlan in Aztec empire. Aztec at peak during his reign. killed during initial stages of Spanish conquest of Mexico. first contact between indigenous Mesoamericans and Europeans took place during his reign.

father of modern political theory. Italian. contributed to a number of important discourses in Western thought(political theory, history, historiography, Italian literature, principles of warfare, and diplomacy). Philosopher and humanist during Renaissance in Florence.Today, Machiavellian means corrupt government because of his bad reputation. He bcame associated with corrupt ruling when he wrote "Prince" to gain the favor of the Medici, but neither they nor the public agreed.

Spanish conquistador. Traveled through much of Pacific coast of America along Peru. Conquered Inca empire, killing Atahualpa.

founder of modern astronomy. came up with principles of heliocentric astronomy.(sun-centered). earth rotates daily on axis and movement affects what people saw in heavens.

Spanish explorer. first european to see eastern shore of Pacific Ocean. sighted ocean in 1513 and claimed for Spain

1519 with support of King Charles V of Spain, set out to circumnavigate the globe. Assembled fleet of ships and proved the earth was round. died before completing his voyage.

Spanish conquistador. conquered Aztec empire. brought some of Mexico under King of Castile's rule in 16th century.

Safavid founder. sent Shia preachers to Anatolia for rebellion among the Turks in the Ottoman Empire.

where he was later lost at sea

Founded Society of Jesuits to educate priests during Catholic Reformation.

discover new world, Ferdinand and Isabella

the Magnificent. 10th and longest reigning Sultan of Ottoman Empire. expanded empire to edge of Western Europe. public works in Islamic world.renovations in the Dome of the Rock.

When father died and divided the kingdom, had a bloody civil war to determine who would rule all of Inca. Won in 1532. Captured by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, who executed him. ending the Inca

from France. Calvinism(simplifies Lutherism) in Switzerland, France, and Scotland. Absolute power and supremacy of God.

Started Protestant Reformation

capture Tenochtitlan

kill Atahualpa

third Mughal emperor. Akbar the Great. religiously tolerant and influenced art and culture.

founder of Tokugawa dynasty of shoguns. born in times of civil war. held hostage by opposing clan when he was four and raised in their court. helped to bring peace and unity to Japan. encouraged foreign trade, which was later ended under his successors.

Jesuit missionary in China.

Italian physicist and astronomer. built telescope(improving spyglass). first to look at moon through telescope and found it mountainous and pitted, not smooth. Found four of the moons circling Jupiter, studied Saturn, observed phases of Venus, studied sunspots on sun. believed Copernicus' heliocentric theory.

Social Contract= cede rights to an absolute ruler, abuses of power are price to pay for order.

Social contract- between government and people who are governed. people should come together for greater good. if their is an abusive ruler, it is the people's responsibility to overthrow them. Tabula rosa-blank slate. second treatise of civil government.

King of France. Absolute monarch. I am the state!

second emperor of Manchu Qing Dynasty. reigned for longest period in history of China. signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk. had great military glory and civic achievements. propelled China's feudal system , recovered the war destructed economy, and initiated a period of great prosperity.

french writer and public activist. helped define the Enlightenment.

reign was most prosperous period of Qing Dynasty. sixth emperor of Qing. dealt with relationship between Manchu, Han, and other ethnic minorities skillfully.

Genevan philosopher. concern was to find way on conserving human freedom in a world where human beigns were increasingly dependent on one another for the satisfaction of their needs. influenced French revolution and development of modern political, sociological, and educational thoughts.

Scottish economist. Laissez' Faire. Wealth of Nation. Self-interested capitalism.

A few months after getting the crown, Peter died and his wife Catherine ruled 162-1796. They pushed for westernization in Russia.

Charles V. trouble under protestant revolution. couldnt make unified state. had pressure from french and ottomans

gunpowder. religiously tolerant. islam

gained independence form Mali. salt and gold. Sunni Ali

clean China of Mongol rule

ports in indian ocean trade

triple alliance. tribute empire based in Tenochtitlan

largest empire in pre-columbian America. Andean region

Christopher Columbus. Ferdinand and Isabella

Protestant reformation. constitutional monarchy. civil war

Louis XIV=economic development. sun king. wars

Shia, religious conflict with Ottoman and Mughal

inida. islam vs. Hindu. sunni

brought unification to japan. japanese military government. feudal

Manchurian. last if Chinese imperial dynasties

Westernization. furs. Peter and Catherine