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1371 - 1433
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A Chinese sailor that sailed around the Indian Ocean looking for people willing to pay tribute to China and trade with China.
1394 - 1460
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He sent many sailing expeditions along the West Coast of Africa to map it (1420-1460). He started the first school for Oceanic navigation (1418)
1395 - 1468
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He invented the printing press with replaceable/moveable wooden or metal letters (1436-1440)
1400 - 1492
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Start date is really UNKNOWN...Ruler of Songhai (1464), the basis of trade at this time was the trans-Saharan trade route. The primary export of this area was gold and salt.
1432 - 1481
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A statesman and a military leader. He took the name “conqueror” after the conquest of Istanbul (1453). Mehmed capture much more land around the Western Black Sea and was always on the front line of battle.
1450 - 1500
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He was given the mission to find a route around Africa to the Indian Ocean (1487) He founded the Cape of good hope on the southern tip of Africa.
1451 - 1506
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In 1492 Columbus sailed With the Niña, Pinta, and the Santa Maria to find an alternate trade route to East Asia. As he was sailing, he discovered the Americas by accident.
1460 - 1524
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Found a maritime trade route to India (1497). This started the European existence in the Indian Ocean trade network.
1466 - 1520
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A successful ruler of the Aztecs until Cortés came along and imprisoned him. He was a harsh ruler which allowed Cortés to gain allies to overthrow him.
1469 - 1527
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Wrote The Prince, a handbook for pliticians on the use of ruthless, self-serving cunning, inspiring the term "machiavellian".
1473 - 1543
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Suggested the sun was the center of the universe (1543). Also suggested Earth was just another planet.
1474 - 1541
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He claimed Peru for Spain, captured the Incan leader Atahualpa, conquered the Inca city of Cuzco, and founded Lima.
1475 - 1519
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He led the first European expedition to the Pacific Ocean in 1513.
1480 - 1521
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With the help of Charles V, Magellan set out to circumnavigate the globe in 1519. He proved the world was round.
1485 - 1547
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A Spanish conquistador who overthrew the Aztec empire (1519-1521) and claimed Mexico for Spain.
1491 - 1556
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Founded society of Jesuits with high standards in education.
1495 - 1566
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One of the greatest rulers of the Ottoman Empire. He was known as the Lawgiver. The Ottoman empire was at its peak with Suleyman in charge.
1501 - 1526
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The founder of the Safavid Empire and proclaimed himself Shah, or king.
1502 - 1533
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1532- winner of civil war against his brother for land. Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa and killed him after Atahualpa generously let him into his kingdom.
1509 - 1564
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A theologian and ecclesiastical statesman, he was the leading French Protestant Reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. He organized a Protestant community in Geneva (1530). He founded Calvinism.
1542 - 1605
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Expanded the Mughal Empire. He is known for his religious tolerance for the Hindus and Muslims.
1543 - 1616
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1603- founded the shogunate in Edo that endured for more than 260 years. Ieyasu encouraged learning among the warrior class and adopted many measures to secure the lord’s allegiance to the new government such as by establishing norms of conduct.
1552 - 1610
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A Catholic Jesuit missionary that went to China. In China, he was famous for his math skills, his memory, and his knowledge of astronomy.
1564 - 1642
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He demonstrated planetary orbits to be elliptical with Johannes Kepler. He saw sunspots, moons of Jupiter, mountains on the moon with a telescope and created 3 laws of motion.
1588 - 1679
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He is known for his views on how humans could thrive in harmony while avoiding the perils of fear of societal conflict.
1632 - 1704
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Wrote about topics like political philosophy, epistemology, and education. Locke's writings helped found modern western philosophy.
1643 - 1715
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The Sun king of France. He created a model of royal absolutism: the court at Versailles, he had ordered a large army, and promoted economic development.
1654 - 1722
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(reigned from 1654-1722)- Enlisted the help of Chinese populace – the elite scholary class- to help build China effectively. He made twelve scrolls talking about his visits to the South of China.
1672 - 1725
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He created a strong navy, reorganized his army according to Western standards, secularized schools, had great control over the reactionary Orthodox Church, and introduced new administrative and territorial divisions of the county in an attempt to establish Russia as a great nation.
1694 - 1778
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Chapion of religion liberty and individual freedom. He was a prolific writer; wrote 70 volumns in a life, often bitter satire.
1712 - 1778
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He was known for discussing how science and arts had casued the corruption of virtue and morality. He was also a composer and music theorist.
1723 - 1790
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He created laws of supply and demand to determine price.
1736 - 1796
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(reigned from 1736-1796)- He made 12 more scrolls and 6 more journeys to the South. Under his reign, the Chinese empire grew to a size unprecedented in Chinese history. He saw himself the “universal ruler” and tried to make everyone believe he was.
1762 - 1796
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Followed Peter the Great in seeing Russia as an European Power. She was one of the most successful European Monaorchs. She added 200,000 sq miles to Russia.
800 - 1806
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Originally it was known as the Empire in the West. It adopted the name Holy Roman Empire in the 13th century. Charles V (reigned 1519-1556), a Holy Roman emperor, was unable to establish a unified state due to the religion differences and the pressure from the Ottomans and the French.
1200 - 1532
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Located on the Andes mountains on the west side of South America. They spoke Quecha and combined the Chavín, Moche, Nazca, and Chimu. The Inca had a bureaucratic empire with an absolute ruler at the top. That ruler was a descendent of the creator god Viracocha, and the son of the sun god Inti. Gender parallelism was practiced. This is that women and men operate in two separate but equivalent spheres, each gender enjoying autonomy in its own sphere.
1300 - 1922
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The creation of Turkic warrior groups at a base area in northwestern Anatolia. Claimed to be "the strong sword of Islam" and serving as chief defender of the faith. 1453- they took over Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul. The Ottomans practiced devshirme which was the gathering of young boys who were required to learn Turkish, usually converted to Islam, and trained for the military.
1325 - 1525
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Settled in a Mexican Valley and grew corn. They worshiped many gods and sacrificed humans because they thought the sun was in a constant struggle with the darkness and human blood helped it.
1368 - 1644
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A recovery time after the Mongols. The Mind dynasty rulers discouraged Mongol influence and promoted Confucian learning. The capital was moved to Beijing and a billion trees were planted to restore the forests. Emperor Yongle sent out Zheng he's sailing expeditions.
1450 - 1750
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A major player in the fur trade. They got the fur from the Mississippi river, the great lakes, Quebec, and the St. Lawrence river. Traded with the Indians for the furs. The French gave weapons and European clothes in return for the furs.
1450 - 1750
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Spain had control of the largest silver mine in Bolivia (Potosi) which put them at the top due to the high demand of silver and it being a medium for exchange. 85% of the silver dug out of this time came from Potosi.
1464 - 1612
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It was the most recent and the largest in a series of impressive states that operated at a crucial intersection of the trans-Saharan trade routes and that derived much of their revenue from taxing that commerce.
1498 - 1750
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Portugal was the first Europeans in the Indian Ocean. They created a "trading post empire" in which they aimed to control commerce, not large territories or populations. The Portuguese sought to monopolize the spice trade and they tried to put a cartaz/pass on all merchant vessels.
1501 - 1722
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Turkic leadership that emerged form a Sufi religious order founded several centuries earlier. The Safavids forcibly imposed a Shia version of Islam as the official religion of the state.
1517 - 1750
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With the Protestant Reformation, England had a constitutional monarchy that had limited powers, individual rights, and representative institutions. The English Reformation sparked by King Henry VIII's desire for divorce which created the Church of England. England is protestant and was in the 30 years war against Catholic Spain.
1517 - 1750
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Absolute monarchies that were based on the theory of the divine right of kings. Absolute France was a model for rulers in Spain, Austria, Prussia, and in Russia. France protestants were called Huguenots. All of the rulers persecuted the Huguenots and St. Bartholomeus's day massacre involved the killing of many Huguenots.
1517 - 1750
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Home of the Russian Orthodox Church. Jesuits came in and converted many people to Christians. Due to the diversity of Russia, people fought all the time with rebellions and murders.
1526 - 1857
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Located in India and had a rare period of relative political unity from 1526-1707. Akbar (ruled 1556-1605) accommodated the Hindu majority and supported them. Aurangzeb (1658-1707) reversed Akbar's policy of accommodation and sought to impose Islamic supremacy. Aurangzeb fractured the Mughal empire which allowed the British to come in and takeover in the second half of the 18th Century.
1600 - 1708
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England formed a private east trading company that was focused most on India. The British were less well financed and less commercially sophisticated than the Dutch. They ran into some trouble when they attacked a Mughal ship and the British could not "trade by warfare".
1644 - 1912
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Had a foreign and nomadic origin, hailing from Manchuria, north of the great wall. The Chinese army was so strong that it easily conquered Eurasia but allowed them to keep their culture. They also campaigned against the Mongols. The Qing dynasty established the treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) which stated where the Russia/China border was.
1650 - 1850
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Military figures that had unified Japan politically were called shoguns. The Tokugawa clan saw Europeans as a threat so they expelled Christian missionaries and violently suppressed the practice of Christianity. They also forbade Japanese people from traveling abroad.
1250
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The joining in of stock holders to invest in companies and they become a partnerships. The earliest examples of this is the Dutch and English East Indian companies. They both got their governments and elites in their home country to grant them monopolies and give them money.
1368 - 1912
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A blending of Buddhism, Daoism, and confucianism during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Ming took up Neo-Confucianism to expel Mongol influence and the Qing rulers took up Neo-Confucianism to woo the Chinese intellectuals to support the new dynasty. Neo-Confucianism said withdrawal from the world was not necessary which was similar to Martin Luther's idea that salvation was achieved through "faith alone".
1420
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The Chinese imperial palace from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty. It served as the home of the emperors as well as the ceremonial and political center of Chinese government.
1453
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This marked the final demise of Christian Byzantium and allowed Ottoman rulers to see themselves as successors to the Roman Empire. The Ottomans changed the name of Constantinople to Istanbul.
1478 - 1834
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A Catholic court of close examination intended to discover secret Muslims and Jews. Also used by Spanish monarchy to detect Protestant heresy and political dissidents.
1492
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The process of bringing in enslaved Africans and European influence to the Americas. They brought their germs, goods, and animals. All of these things caught on in the Americas and improved the natives diet. Food from the Americas such as the potato and corn spread to Europe which increased the European's diet as well. This exchange gave rise to something wholly new in world history: an interacting Atlantic world connecting four continents.
June 7, 1494
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Pope Alexander VI issued a decree which established an imaginary line running north and south through the mid-Atlantic. Spain would have possession of any unclaimed territories to the west of the line and Portugal would have possession of any unclaimed territory to the east of the line.
1514
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Fought in Northwest Persia. The Ottomans (Sunni) fought the Safavids (Shi'a). The Ottomans won and decided not to campaign into the Safavid Empires.
1517 - 1648
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Brought Catholic Church corruption to the surface. This caused new branches of Christianity to be formed.
1545 - 1648
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The reforming of the Catholic Church by the Council of Trent which put many Catholics at ease.
1545 - 1563
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The Council of Trent directed the reform of the Roman Catholic Church.
1600 - 1880
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The African diaspora was occurring very quickly. Due to the high demand of women in the Middle east and Men in the Americas, Africans were being spread out all over the place.
1600 - 1873
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The Dutch and English both had one. They both received charters from their respective governments granting them trading monopolies and the power to govern people. The Dutch seized many spice producing islands and were able to monopolized nutmeg, mace, and cloves. The British was never able to monopolize anything but they were prominent transporters of good.
1600 - 1880
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The triangular trade was trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Europe shipped manufactured goods and weapons to Africa in exchange for slaves. The slaves were then transported along the middle passage to the Americas. Then from the Americas, molasses and sugar was transported to Europe.
May 1607
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This was the first successful colonization of the new world. A group of ill-suited gentlemen were sent to colonized this area. They did not know much about the wilderness. Close to extinction, Captain John Smith kept the town from dissolving. A supply ship came and put the colony on its feet again.
1608
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A very important city during the Fur Trade time. This city is located on the saint Lawrence River and was owned by the French. This city sent many furs over to Paris during the "Little Ice Age"
1650 - 1750
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A period when thinkers sought natural laws that governed human society in the same way that Newton's laws governed the universe.
1756 - 1763
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Also known as the French and Indian war. It begins when England declares war on France. The French were expanding down the Ohio river which put them in hand to hand combat with the British quite often. The Treaty of Paris ended this dispute and In the Treaty of Paris, France lost all claims to Canada and gave Louisiana to Spain, while Britain received Spanish Florida, Upper Canada, and various French holdings overseas.
1800
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Also known as Rangaku in Japanese. It is was a concentrated effort by Japanese scholars during the late Tokugawa period to learn the Dutch language to be able to learn about western technology. Since the closing of Japan to many Europeans except for the Dutch, Dutch was the only language they could learn.
1453
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This marked the final demise of Christian Byzantium and allowed Ottoman rulers to see themselves as successors to the Roman Empire. The Ottomans changed the name of Constantinople to Istanbul.
1488
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Dias was given the mission to find a route around Africa to the Indian Ocean (1487). On in way, he founded the Cape of good hope on the the southern tip of Africa.
1492
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This brought the Americas into the Global Trade network.
1502
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Most of the native slaves had died and the Europeans needed a new source of slaves. They went to Africa and brought slaves back.
1517
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This starts the Protestant Reformation which brings the Catholic Churches corruption to the surface for all to see.
1521
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This is the end of the Aztecs. This also claims the Mesoamerican area for the Spanish. Cortes had the upper hand because he has superior weapons and the Spanish had diseases that the Aztecs did not have immunities to.
1533
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Also claimed the Mesoamerican area for Spain. He had horses and superior weapons along with diseases.
1571
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This battle's outcome was the defeat of the Ottoman navy by Christian powers that saw the Ottomans becoming too powerful.
1588
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The British was blessed with a storm that took out many of the ships. The rest of the ships were able to be taken out by flaming ships. These ships were British ships that were set on fire and sent into the other ships. The defeat of the Spanish Armada signaled the decline of Spain's military dominance in Europe.
1600
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The beginning of the Tokugawa rule and the unification of Japan.
1607
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Jamestown was the first successful colony in the New World. Due to the ill-prepared people, it almost vanished but captain John Smith kept it from disappearing. Then a supply ship came and revived the colony.
1618 - 1648
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Between Protestant English and the Catholic Spanish. It was also a continuation of the Bourbon-Hapsburg rivalry. It was the most destructive European war up to WWI; the Holy Roman Empire lost 1/3 of its population.
1683
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The Ottomans besieged Vienna and Vienna was close to surrender but then another army came in with the Polish king, Jan Sobieski and together they defeated the Ottomans.
1689
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Set clear limits on royal power and established its power over the monarch.
1689
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The treaty determining the Russia and China border.