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A brief description of the contributions each scientist contributed to the development of radical behaviorism
A brief description of the contributions each scientist contributed to the development of radical behaviorism
1809
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Wrote "On the Origin of Species" (1859) and "Expressions of Emotions in Man and Animals" (1872). Darwin’s work on emotions were based on observations which influenced the work of B. F. Skinner. Additionally, "On the Origin of Species" discussed his theory on evolution, which also influenced Skinner.
1832
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Said to be the founder of experimental psychology. He was the first to open an experimental lab and he also believed in introspection and mental states, which B. F. Skinner did not accept and wrote about alternate explanations based on observable behavior. Wundt opened the door to the experimental area and also influenced the development of the science through this.
1849 - 1936
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Introduced the concept of classical conditioning. Rather than looking at stimuli that elicit reflexive responses, he demonstrated how that same stimuli could be paired with neutral stimuli and the neutral stimuli (with enough pairing) can elicit similar responses. His work influenced J. B. Watson’s work and how he developed the idea of behaviorism.
1869
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Was part of the second phase of the behavioral movement, mediational neobehaviorism, and emphasized the difference between the behaviorist approach and the S-R approach. Proposed the S-O-R formulation, where “O” represented “organic states”, which he believed had an effect on environmental stimuli. The second phase went beyond the S-R classical behaviorism view. His formulation accounted for organismic variables and their mediating role between stimuli and responses.
1878
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Published work titled "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (1913). He made arguments for behavior being recognized as a natural science, similar to the science of physics and biology. Watson is known for the Little Albert experiment (1920) which demonstrated that classical conditioning can be applied to human beings.
1879
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Was the first to study learning from the perspective of from the consequences of behavior. He developed the Law of Effect in 1911. He believed that this law explained a wide variety of behavior. His contributions and theories are at the foundation of behaviorism as well as psychology.
1884
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Known for his work on deductive behaviorism theory. Through his neobehaviorism views, he influenced a resurgence in animal research. He was influenced by Watson's work, though he thought it was inadequate and tried to improve it. This moved us closer to radical behaviorism (Moore, 2008).
1888
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Contributed viewing behavior as a natural science as does radical behaviorism, which strengthens this idea and gives way to it being accepted within the scientific realm. Skinner found Kantor’s interbehavioral psychology unit of analysis of behavior breakdown to be useful in his conceptualization of behaviour as a whole (Morris, 1984).
1904
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B. F. Skinner pioneered radical behaviorism. He published work between the years of 1938 and 1957. Skinner published "Behavior of Organisms" in 1938. In 1945, the framework of an objective and empirical approach to behavior was first introduced. This is the first time he uses the term "Radical Behaviorism”. Radical behaviorism gained momentum and popularity in 1948 and Skinner’s last work, "Verbal Behavior" was published in 1957.
1999
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Noted that scientists were using theoretical terms interchangeably. Sought to make a distinction between intervening variables and hypothetical constructs. This gave rise to hypothetical constructs being the predominantly accepted view which accounted for organismic variables and developing hypotheses for these (Moore, 2008).