Hinduism originated in Northern India about 4000 years ago and didn’t have a founder but various beliefs. Hinduism developed from the religion that the Aryans brought to India with them and has 33 million gods in Hinduism.

A complex trading network among people that led to the transfer of crops, technology, and culture. Caused by the migration of people from Southeast Asia about 3,000 years ago.

Buddhism, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, aka the Buddha, is an important religion in most of the countries of Asia. Buddhism is a belief system based on teachings of Siddhartha, which focus on freeing oneself from worldly desires.

The Persian dynasty was established by Cyrus the Great; the Persian empire had abundant resources of water, fertile farmland, and gold making it one of the most powerful empires in the world. The reign only lasted 200 years until the death of Darius III in 330 B.C.

Confucianism was developed in China who was given the name Confucius by Jesuit missionaries who were visiting there. Confucianism focused of the ideas of respect and the well-being of others and an emphasis on spiritual matters such as the goodness of the divine and the mandate to rule given to those in power.

The Han Dynasty ruled China and was the second imperial dynasty of China. It is known for opening the Silk Road trade route to Europe because it changed the course of Chinese history. The primary purpose of the Great Wall was to protect the Chinese Empire from the Mongolians and other invaders.

The Silk Road was a trade route that carried goods and ideas between Rome and China. Silk went westward, and wools, gold, and silver went east. The Mongols made it safer for merchants to travel and had a major influence on the trade conducted within the Silk Road. The demand for luxury goods and the use of paper money helped make the Silk Road blossom.

The Tang Dynasty, founded by Emperor Gaozu, was known as the golden age of Chinese imperial power and culture. Tang Dynasty spread Buddhism throughout Asia and even helped the Silk Road make more money for the merchants and have a high reputation for themselves.

Song dynasty was considered the golden age after the Tang Dynasty. The Emperor Song Taizu expanded education properties for men and introduced the civil service exam that helped to increase social mobility. The Song dynasty maintained the bureaucracy from the dynasty before, and their system is known as a meritocracy, where the merit one demonstrates through the exams that let the poor be paid well.

Daimyos were Japanese aristocrats who were vassals of the shogun. These warriors were paid in rice and gold and were given enough power to help the Daimyo’s overtake and unify Japan with the help of weapons and gunpowder

The Yuan Dynasty was China's first foreign-led dynasty. It took place between the Song and Ming dynasties. Kublai Khan had conquered the Song dynasty in 1279 and started the Yuan Dynasty. Yuan empire was the first dynasty in the world to use paper currency, which helped the realm by increasing global trade and expanded the empire’s wealth until it created inflation.

Osman founded the Ottoman Empire after the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Mehmed II led the siege of Constantinople and changed their new capital to Istanbul. The Devshirme system and Janissaries were used who were re-educated, converted, and then worked for the military. The Janissaries were the elite of the army and could become in higher ranks. They started to decline in the 16th - 17th century because they could not match the growing power of Western Europe.

Ibn Battuta was a Muslim scholar who was on a Hajj to fulfill the 5th pillar of Islam, and he traveled through regions in Asia, Spain, North Africa, and Mali. After telling his story to the Sultan of Morocco, he wrote about his experiences in a book called, ‘A Gift To Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Traveling.’

The bubonic plague was a disease that was spread during Mongol conquests from southern China, making its way to Europe. The Black Death killed more than half of its population in a few years from fleas that lived on rats that were brought along with the conquests.

The Ming Dynasty was established after the White Lotus Society overpowered the Yuan dynasty. It was led by Zhu Yuanzhang, who became the ruler of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the first Chinese dynasty to explore overseas by enormous voyages. They were known for medicine and porcelain.

Zheng He was a Muslim admiral that took voyages to different countries and empires throughout the Indian Ocean, it allowed him to learn about the other cultures and led to multiple markets opening in China for foreigners. But the emperor ceased the voyages because it conflicted with the Confucian philosophy where they thought that China could supply itself. His mission was to promote the glory of Ming dynasty China.

The Mughal empire was inherited by Akbar, who introduced the idea of religious tolerance. He abolished the Hindu head-tax, promoted Hindus to the highest ranks, discouraged Sati, and created Divine Faith. Shah Jahan took over after Akbar’s death and built the Taj Mahal and created the Zamindars, who were tax collectors. The decline of the empire was due to attacks from all areas and led to growing military and economic intervention by the British.

Japanese were tolerant of the Christians, but some Christians weren’t liberal of other religions, destroying Buddhist shrines forcing Japan to become an isolated country. Foreigners were forced out of the land and prohibited trade with other countries except with the Dutch in the Nagaski Harbor. The Japanese are still an isolated country and want to keep their culture.

The Silver trade occurred during the sixteenth to nineteenth century between the Americas, Europe, and China. The Spanish discovered large deposits of silver from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries in South America and start mining. Spain mined the silver then sends it to China, enriching the Spanish monarchy.

The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China. The Manchus ruled and kept their people into the government. Emperor Kangxi’s helped control and protect Tibet. During Emperor Qianlong’s reign, he forced Nepal to submit to Chinese rule and expanded land far

Greece was known for its famous philosophers and scientists. Ancient Greece helped impact government, philosophy, science, literature, and art. Alexander the Great ruled Ancient Greece, its peak, and destroyed the Persian Empire forever.

Rome was thought to be founded by Romulus and Remus, who were brothers and demigods. Romans were experts at building architecture and had advanced in technology because of their thriving civilization. The ancient Room covered a vast amount of land and lasted approximately 1,000 years.

Alexander the Great conquered a vast amount of land that spread from Egypt to part of India. He appointed Macedonians to head the army and to unite Greece with a common enemy by fighting against Persia. He even adopted cultural practices from the people he conquered to show courtesy.

The Crusades were military expedition because of a long standing conflict between Muslims, Jews, and Christians. Christians attempted to fight for the land back from the currently residing Islamic states, which led to the key point in the Crusade that wanted to drive Muslims out of Palestine. European army conquered Jerusalem in 1099, but the Muslims seized Jerusalem back in 1187. In the last Crusade, because Venice hadn’t payed all the payments that funded the Crusades, the Venetians convinced the crusaders to invade Zara and Constantinople so they never reached the Holy Land, giving the victory to Islam.

The Renaissance was the period in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries that began in Italy and spread to the north. The Renaissance focused on the production of art and literature. A critical figure during this time was Martin Luther, who composed the 95 These that challenged the ideas of the church and pushed for change. The invention of the printing press allowed for religious and Renaissance reform ideas to spread quickly.

Labor based system established by Spain. Indigenous people would work in exchange for food and shelter. This was beneficial to the Spanish because they would have laborers that they wouldn't have to pay for. The encomienda system ended in 1720 and then people began to pay for their laborers.

A movement in the 16th century that reformed the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. This movement helped create Protestant churches and triggered the Catholic Counter-Reformation as a result.

The Catholic Church had a series of reforms in response to the spread of Protestantism. Church leaders reformed the Catholic church and religious conflict spread throughout Europe.

A series of events in the 16th-17th century that created a scientific method of thinking called empiricism. Empiricism challenged the traditional and religious ideas in society by replacing them with ones backed up by evidence. Scientific reasoning was becoming more popular in northern Europe as knowledge about the new world spread throughout Europe.

A philosophical movement during the 17th and 18th centuries that challenged the rule of monarchs and helped with individualism. The Enlightenment allowed people to challenge traditional religious values. The ideas of self-determination and freedom led to multiple revolutions throughout France, the United States, and other parts of the world.

Peter the Great became King in the 1600s and he adopted European customs for Russia so they could compete with Europe. He centralized his power and revolutionized the role of the servants, creating a vast bureaucracy that would stabilize Russia. During his reign, European officers were brought in to modernize the army and to pay for these changes, he increased taxes.

The Neolithic Revolution was the last era of prehistory that made advances in technology and culture that led to civilizations and cities emerging. The Neolithic Revolution made an impact on the role of men, first villages being created and new inventions.

The Trans-Saharan trade route was used to exchange products across the Sahara. The West Africans exchanged gold, ivory, salt, and cloth for horses, books and swords from North Africa. The Trans-Saharan trade route spread the new religion of Islam.

The early astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic civilization by Apollonius of Perga. The astrolabe allowed sailors to measure how far north or south they were from the equator. It was improved by Muslim sailors in the 12th century and enabled for more comfortable navigation overseas, which was given the name Mariner’s astrolabe.

Christianity began after the death of Jesus Christ but spread fast throughout the Roman empire. Some of the first Christians were Jewish converts, so the church had many Jewish aspects surrounding them. After the church was created, non-Jews embraced the Christian religion.

The Byzantine empire formed after the fall of the western Roman Empire. It later declined into the city of Constantinople, which was the capital. Constantinople was the center of trade where Europe meets Asia. The Justinian Code was the written laws of the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine empire helped influence Russia’s alphabet and architecture.

The prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, in 570 A.D. Muslims believe he was the final prophet sent by God to reveal their faith to humanity. Muslim traders brought Islam along the trade route between Asia and the East, and then the expansion of territories spread it.

The Indian Ocean trade network was trade routes used for bulk trading that connected Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa. People got to the trade routes by being guided by strong sessional winds called the monsoons.

Was the founder and the first Khan to rule the Mongols around the 1200s. His army was one of the most powerful of all time, taking over most of modern-day Russia, China, Korea, Southeast Asia, Persia, India, and more. He is known for his brutal methods for conquests. Mongolian soldiers were highly disciplined and tactical. He is also known for his peaceful methods of governing by consulting with scholars and engineers of Chinese and Islamic traditions.

Mansa Musa became emperor in 1307 after he inherited the kingdom. Mansa Musa was also known for creating a very successful trading post where they profited from trade flow and for making a grand pilgrimage to Mecca. There he displayed Mali’s wealth to the world by using large caravans, camels, and a large number of people along with him and gold to distribute to whoever hosted him.

The Songhai Empire was the powerhouse in Western Africa, known for taking control of the gold and salt trade from the Mali Empire. They passed Mali in riches and land but were constantly filled with violence. The violence and poverty led to the fall of the empire and absorbed into the Moroccan Empire in 1591 CE.

Transatlantic journey during the 16th to 19th centuries to buy and sell Africans as slaves in the colonies. This trade connected the economies of three continents and was also known as the triangular trade.

Portuguese explorers wanted to convert Africans to Christianity. The Portuguese gained control of trade in the Indian Ocean by exploring Africa.

The Safavid empire was a gunpowder empire founded by Shah Ismail that started Persia’s golden age. Shah Ismail moved the capital to Isfahan, where he modernized the empire by encouraging trade, building a bureaucracy, adding Janissaries, and expanding the empire. After his rule, Afghan invaders sieged the Safavid empire, after high military costs, inflation, and decline of overland trade weakened the state.

A society in western Africa that rose in the 18th and 19th centuries due to the Atlantic slave trade. Dahomey was ruled by an absolute monarchy and used female soldiers called Amazons by Europeans as royal bodyguards. They traded slaves for firearms and sold them to the Europeans that give them an advantage profit-wise.

The Columbian exchange was between the Americas and Europe that brought over diseases, plants, livestock, ideas, and technology between the old and the new worlds. One of the most significant impacts was the deaths from diseases brought over that killed off a high percentage of the native population. However, this exchange benefited Europe when silver was discovered in America’s, which helped the economy.

The Middle Passage was a trade route that traveled from Africa to the Americas. The Middle passage focused on transporting African slaves. The African Americans would suffer harsh conditions like being stuffed inside cargo ships with little to no food and water on these trips, nearly a quarter of the slaves would die. Between 1500 and 1866, Europeans transported nearly 12.5 million enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Cortes overthrew the Aztecs with a group of tributes and founded the colony of New Spain. The Spanish melted down the Aztec treasures and sent the gold they found back to Spain. They also destroyed Tenochtitlan and built their capital, Mexico City, on its ruins.

Fransisco Pizarro, who is a Spanish explorer, invaded the Incan empire after he heard about the gold and riches to be found. This civil war weakened the army and defense, which made it easier for Francisco to conquer it. The diseases that the Incas had lead to the fall of the Incans. The Spanish troops got rid of the culture and renamed cities, which left Peru in poverty and loss.

Jamestown was founded in 1607, by three English ships that reached the eastern coast of Virginia. Jamestown was a poor choice of settlement because of the low land and unhealthy water. Settlers wanted to go to Jamestown in order to find gold and gain riches.