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1795
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1643 - 1715
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Louis XIV (1643-1715) ascended to the throne at 5, but didn't start his personal rule until 1661, when his chief minster died.
1685
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Huguenots were French Calvinists in the 17th century
1715 - 1774
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1774 - 1789
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Married to Marie Antoinette of Austria. A weak ruler; supported American colonies in their War of Independence, thus demonstrating to the French citizens that popular revolution was indeed possible.
Guillotined in 1793 during French Revolution
1789
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Storming of the Bastille -- July 14, 1789 -- officially ends the "ancient regime" of Monarchy.
1814
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The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815 to settle the issues that arose from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
he superpowTers of the world are now England, Prussia, and Russia.
1814 - 1824
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Brother of Louis XVI. Known as "the Desired" (le Desiré) wa,s a Bourbon King of France and of Navarre from 1814 to 1824, omitting the Hundred Days in 1815.
Louis XVIII spent twenty-three years in exile, from 1791 to 1814, during the French Revolution and the First French Empire, and again in 1815, for 111 days, upon the return of Napoleon I from Elba.
1824 - 1830
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Brother of Louis XVI and Louis XVIII. Known as 'the Beloved'
1830 - 1848
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Apart of the July Monarchy; Ascended to power through the July Revolution.
1853 - 1870
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L. N. Bonaparte becomes Napoléon III when he was crowned the Emperor/king(?) of France. Would be the last monarch of France.
1799
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1804
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Famous painting of this event by J. L. David
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_-_L%27Empereur_Napoleon_se_couronnant_lui-meme.png
1814
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Allied armies invaded Paris and exiled Napoleon to the Mediterranean island of Elba.
1848
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Second Republic founded
1848
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Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew, Louis napoleon Bonaparte, was elected president of Republic
1851
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Through a coup d'état, L. N. Bonaparte gains dictatorial powers
1871
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This empire was marked by constant political unrest BUT established an elected National Assembly led by a Cabinet and President -- thus the true end of monarchy in France.
1789 - 1794
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During this period, Napoleon Bonaparte commences his military career.
1812
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1830
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Marked by the exile of Charles X; It marked the shift from one constitutional monarchy, the Bourbon Restoration, to another, the July Monarchy
1870 - 1871
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After declaring war on Prussia, Louis Napoleon fled to England and was exiled.
1914 - 1918
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1394 - 1465
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• Trois Chanson de France (Debussy)
• Songs 1 & 3
1564 - 1616
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La mort d'Ophélie -- Hamlet, Act IV, Scene
VII (Berlioz & Saint-Saëns)
translated by Ernest Legouvé into French
1601 - 1655
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Medieval Poet
Trois Chanson de France (Debussy)
• Song #2
1663
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1749 - 1832
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• Huit Scènes de Faust (Berlioz)
• La damnation de Faust (Berlioz)
1779 - 1852
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• Mélodies Irlandaises (Berlioz) --> Later re-worked and renamed Irland.
From this cycle that we get the world melodies for referring to French art song.
1790 - 1869
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• Doucemer (Bizet)
1802 - 1885
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Romantic Poet
[viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo]
Set by: Bizet, Fauré, Gounod, Liszt, Massenet, Rachmaninoff, & Saint-Saëns.
• Quand tu chantes, bercée (Liszt & Gounod)
• Comment, disaient‑ils (Liszt, Bizet, Saint-Saëns, and Rachmaninoff)
• Le pas d'armes du Roi Jean (Saint-Saëns)
• L'attente (Saint-Saëns)
• Adieux de l'hôtesse arabe (Bizet)
• Dans les ruines d’un abbaye (Fauré)
1807 - 1882
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• If Thou Art Sleeping (Gounod)
1811 - 1872
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Parnassian Poet
[teofil ɡotje]
Set by Berlioz, Chausson, Debussy, Duparc, Faure, & Gounod.
• Où voulez-vous aller? (Gounod)
• Les Nuits D'Été (Berlioz)
• Sur les ailes de la musique:
• Au cimetière (Berlioz)
• Lamento (Duparc)
• Au pays où se fait la guerre (Duparc)
• L'invitation au Voyage (Duparc)
• La fuite (Duparc)
• Les papillons (Chuasson & Debussy)
1818 - 1893
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• L'absent (Own composition)
1818 - 1894
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[ʃaʁl ləkõt də lil]; Parnassian poet.
Set by Chausson, Duparc, Fauré, & Debussy
• Nanny (Chausson)
• Colibri (Chausson)
• Phidylé (Duparc)
• Lydia (Fauré)
• Nell (Fauré)
• Les roses d'Ispahan (Fauré)
• Jane (Debussy)
• Les elfes (Debussy)
1821 - 1867
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Parnassian Poet (transitional)
Pioneering translator of Edgar Allan Poe.
[ʃaʁl bodlɛʁ]
Set by Debussy, Duparc, & Faure.
• L'invitation au voyage (Duparc)
• La vie anterieure (Duparc)
• Chant d'automne (Fauré)
• Hymne (Fauré)
• La rançon (Fauré)
• Cinq poèmes (Debussy)
1823 - 1891
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Parnassian Poet
Set by Gounod, Saint-Saëns, Chausson, & Debussy
• • L'âme d'un ange (Gounod)
• Aimons-nous (Saint-Saëns)
• Les fées (Saint-Saëns)
• Le rossignol (Saint-Saëns)
• La nuit (Chausson)
• Nuit d'étoiles (Debussy)
• Zéphyr (Debussy)
• Aimons-nous et dormons (Debussy)
• Pierrot (Debussy)
• Fetes gâlante (Debussy)
1827 - 1885
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• Barcarolle (Fauré)
1834 - 1899
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• Tarentelle (Bizet)
1836 - 1895
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• Melodies persanes (Saint-Saëns)
1837 - 1901
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Parnassian poet
Set by Chausson, Duparc, & Faure
• Le charme (Chausson)
• Testament (Duparc)
• Automne (Fauré)
• Chanson d'amour (Fauré)
• Le secret (Fauré)
• Fleur jetée (Fauré)
1838 - 1889
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• Nocturne (Fauré)
1839 - 1907
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Parnassian Poet and essayist
Winner of first Nobel Prize in Literature (1901)
Poetry set by Gounod, Duparc, & Faure
• Prière (Gounod)
• Soupir (Duparc)
• La galop (Duparc)
• Au bord de l'eau (Fauré)
• Ici-bas! (Fauré)
• Les berceaux (Fauré)
1840 - 1909
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Parnassian Poet
Also wrote under the pseudonyms of Jean Caselli and Jean Lahor.
• Chanson triste (Duparc)
• Sérénade florentine (Duparc)
1841 - 1909
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Parnassian Poet
Married Judith Gautier, younger daughter of Théophile Gautier (1866)
• Dans la forêt du Septembre (Fauré)
1842 - 1888
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• Chanson perpétuelle (Chausson)
Sop + piano Quintet
1842 - 1908
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Parnassian Poet
• La vague et la cloche (Duparc)
1842 - 1898
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Symbolist Poet
• Apparition (Debussy)
• Trois Poèmes (Debussy)
1844 - 1896
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Transitioning poet (Parnassian-symbolist)
[vɛʁˈlɛn]
Set by Debussy, Fauré & Saint-Saëns.
• Le vent dans la plaine (Saint-Saëns)
• Clair de lune (Fauré)
• Spleen (Fauré)
• Cinq mélodies de Venise (Fauré)
• La bonne chanson (Fauré)
• Prison (Fauré)
• Ariettes Oubliées (Debussy)
• Trois mélodies (Debussy)
• Fêtes Galantes I (Debussy)
• Fêtes Galantes II (Debussy)
1850 - 1925
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• Sylvie (Fauré)
1850 - 1905
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Le manoir de Rosamonde (Duparc)
1852 - 1935
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• Sérénade italienne (Chausson)
1855 - 1929
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• Printemps triste (Chausson)
• Poème d'amour et de la mer (Chausson)
1861 - 1907
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• La chanson d'Eve (Fauré)
• Le jardin clos (Fauré)
1862 - 1918
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• Prose Lyriques (Own composition)
1862 - 1949
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• Serres chaudes (Chausson)
1870 - 1925
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• Chansons de Bilitis (Debussy)
1887 - 1914
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French poet Died at 27 serving in World War I
French poet Died at 27 in World War I
• L'Horizon Chimérique (Fauré)
1803 - 1869
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-- Huit Scènes de Faust (8 Scenes from Faust), Op. 1
1829; Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Test from Faust; Later reworked into The Damnation of
Faust
-- La damnation de Faust, Op.24
1846; Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
a work for four solo voices, full seven-part chorus, large
children's chorus and orchestra;
-- Irlande
• Le Coucher du soleil
• Hélène
• Chant guerrier
• La Belle voyageuse
• Chanson à boire
• Chant sacré
• L’Origine de la harpe
• Adieu, Bessy!
• Élégie (en prose)
Thomas Gounet (after the text of )Thomas Moore
The reworked version of a formal cycle 'Mélodies
Irlandaises'.
-- Les Nuits D'Été (The Nights of Summer), Op. 7
• Villanelle
• Le spectre de la rose
• Sur les lagunes
• Absence
• Au cimetière
• L'Île Inconnue
1840-1; Théophile Gautier; From Gautier's "La Comedie de la
Mort"
-- La mort d'Ophélie (The Death of Ophelia)
1842; Ernest Legouvé after Shakespeare's Hamlet, Act IV, scene VII.
1811 - 1886
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-- Quand tu chantes, bercée (1842?) Victor Hugo
-- Comment, disaient‑ils (1842) Victor Hugo
"Autre Guitare", from Les Rayons et les Ombres,
Set by Bizet, Massenet, Saint-Saëns, and Rachmaninoff in Russian.
1818 - 1893
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-- Où voulez-vous aller? (1839) Théophile Gautier
Also set by Berlioz in Les Nuits D'Été
-- Sérénade (1855-57) Victor Hugo
Text also set by Liszt
-- If Thou Art Sleeping (1872) Henry Longfellow
[This was a tragic failure.]
-- L'absent (1876) Charles Gounod himself
As an apology to his wife (for being in England for 4 years [and possibly for sleeping with Mrs. Georgina Weldon)
1835 - 1921
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-- Le pas d'armes du Roi Jean (1852) Victor Hugo
3 syllable lines, so you read faster; this gives anxious feeling to the text.
-- L'attente (1855) Victor Hugo
-- La mort d'Ophelie (???) Ernest Legouvé after Shakespeare
Same text set by Berlioz; from Hamlet
-- Mélodies persanes , op. 26 (???) Armand Renaud
• La brise
• La splendeur vide
• La solitaire
• Sabre en main
• Au cimetière
• Tournoiement
○ 1850s - 70s -- Craze overtook Paris over all things oriental.
Orientalism in France at this time refers to Middle-east and Africa
1838 - 1875
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-- Doucemer (1867) Alphonse de Lamartine
-- Adieux de l'hôtesse arabe (???) Victor Hugo
-- Pasteralle (???) Charles Regnard
-- Tarentelle (???) Édouard Pailleron
1845 - 1924
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-- Dans les ruines d’un abbaye (1865) Victor Hugo
Composed when Fauré was very young (20); wrote lines that were vocal in form and responded to the (asymmetrical) phrases of the poetry; atypical harmonies
-- Lydia (1870) Charles Leconte de Lisle
Lydian mode; transparent
-- Barcarolle (1873) Marc Monier
-- Ici-bas! (1874?) Sully Prudhomme
-- Au bord de l'eau (1875) Sully Prudhomme
-- Sylvie (1878) Paul de Choudens
-- Nell (1878) Charles Leconte de Lisle
Quintessential Fauré-ian style.
-- Automne (1878) Armand Silvestre
-- Les berceaux (1879) Sully Prudhomme
-- Le secret (1880-81) Armand Silvestre
Similar in transparency and honesty to Lydia
-- Chanson d'amour (1882) Armand Silvestre
Madrigalisms - imitates a guitar (almost a seranade); Charactersitic of simpilar Fauré
-- Fleur jetée (1884) Armand Silvestre
-- Les roses d'Ispahan (1884) Armand Silvestre
Ispahan is in Iran (nod towards orientalism)
-- Nocturne (1886) Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam
-- Clair de lune (Minuet) (1887) Paul Verlaine
This song is a gateway into later Faure - piano is a solo entity; pastique (imitating clavecin music)
-- Prison (1894) Paul Verlaine
Mediocre rhymes to indicate the mediocrity/boredom of Prison life.
-- Dans la forêt de Septembre (1904) Catulle Mendè
-- 5 Mélodie de Venise, op. 58 (1901) Paul Verlaine
• Mandoline
• En sourdine
• Green
• À Clymène
• C'est l'extase
It is in this cycle that we find Fauré coming out with a new concept for writing song cycles
-- La bonne chanson, op. 61 (1892-94) Paul Verlaine
1. Une Sainte en son auréole
2. Puisque l'aube grandit
3. La lune blanche
4. J'allais par les chemins perfides
5. J'ai presque peur, en vérité
6. Avant que tu ne t'en ailles
7. Donc, ce sera par un clair jour d'été
8. N'est-ce pas?
9. L'hiver a cessé
Written for Emma Bardac, who Fauré was desperately infatuated with (while cheating on his wife); There is a piano quartet version of the last piece, but Faure liked it with just piano
-- La chanson d'Eve, op. 95 (1906) Charles van Lerberghe
1. Paradis
2. Prima verba
3. Passionate roses
4. Comme Dieu rayonne
5. L'aube blanche
6. Eau vivante
7. Veilles-tu, ma senteur de soleil
8. Dans un parfum de roses blanches
9. Crépuscule
10. Ô mort, poussière d'étoiles
The first song of this cycle is the longest song Fauré ever wrong.
-- L'Horizon Chimérique, op. 118 (1921) Jean de la Ville de Mirmont
• La Mer est infinie
• Je me suis embarqué
• Diane, Séléné
• Vaisseaux, nous vous aurons aimés
Cycle exclusively for baritones; poems of hope - sound very young (even after WWI and 3 years before his death)
1848 - 1933
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-- Chanson triste (1869) Henri Cazalis
-- Soupir (1869) Sully Prudhomme
-- La gallop (1869) Sully Prudhomme
-- Au pays où se fait la guerre (1869-1870) Théophile Gautier
-- L'invitation au Voyage (1870) Théophile Gautier
-- La fuite (1871) Théophile Gautier
□ Duparc's only duet (most people don't know about them) - Soprano & tenor
-- La vague et la cloche (1871) François Coppée
• Odd song, but good for low voice (Duparc hated transpositions)
-- Le manoir de Rosamonde (1879) Robert de Bonnières
-- Sérénade Florentine (1880-1881) Henri Cazalis
under the pseudonym Jean Lahor
-- Phidylé (1882) Leconte de Lisle
-- Testament (1883) Armand Silvestre
In the postlude, Duparc quotes the spear motive from Parsifal by Wagner
-- Lamento (1883) Théophile Gautier
from La Comédie de la Mort; Same text as in Berlioz's Nuit d'Ete Berlioz song #5 - called "Au cimetière"
-- La vie antérieure (1884) Charles Baudelaire
"La vie antérieure", from Les Fleurs du Mal
1855 - 1899
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-- Le Charme (1879) Armand Silvestre; Op. 2
-- Nanny (1879) Charles Leconte de Lisle; Op. 2
-- Les papillon (1880) Théophile Gautier; Op. 2
-- Sérénade italienne (1880) Paul Bourget; Op. 2
-- Le Colibri (1882) Charles Leconte de Lisle; Op. 2
by this time, Franck's influence was starting to creep in.
-- Printemps triste (1883) Maurice Bouchor
Big harmonic change from Op. 2; BIG song! Op 8 (not that that matters)
-- Poème d'amour et de la mer (1882-90) Maurice Bouchor
• Le temp des Lila (heard in class by Kerrie)
Song cycle for high soprano and orchestra; Dedicated to Duparc
-- Serres chaudes (1889?) Maurice Maeterlinck
• Serre chaude
• Serre d'ennui
• Lassitude
• Fauves las
• Oraison (Prayer)
Main theme of the 5th song, has already been heard in the 1st - Conscious effort on the part of Chausson to write a cyclic cycle.
1862 - 1918
% complete
-- l’enfant prodigue [cantata], L.57 (1884) Édouard Guinand
The piece that won him the Prix de Rome
-- Cinq Poèmes de Baudelaire, L. 64 (1888) Charles Baudelaire
• Le balcon
• Harmonie du soir
• Le jet d'eau
• Recueillement
• La mort des amants
Influence of Wagner (Parsifal and Tristan) found in these?
-- Les papillons (1881) Théophile Gautier
Written for Madame Vasnier, who Debussy was in love with; Same poem as set by Chausson; Sounds like early Strauss
-- Les elfes (???) Leconte de Lisle
Shows a profound influence of Massenet
-- Silence ineffable, L. 43 (1883) Paul Bourget
-- Musique, L. 44 (1883) Paul Bourget
-- Apparition, L. 53 (1884) Stéphane Mallarmé
-- Ariettes oubliées - history:
-Ariettes (revised after lack of success) (1888) Paul Verlaine
-Ariettes Oubliées, L. 60 (1903) Paul Verlaine
• C'est l'extase
• Il pleure dans mon cœur
• L'ombre des arbres
• Chevaux de bois
• Green
• Spleen
From the larger set of poetry Romances sans paroles
-- Trois mélodies , L. 81 (1891) Paul Verlaine
• La mer est plus belle
• Le son du cor s'afflige
• L'échelonnement des haies
Debussy experiments first in his songs before his piano works; The level of pianistic extravagance in this chanson was not seen for year in his solo piano works
-- Prose Lyriques, L. 84 (1892-93) Debussy's own text
• De rêve
• De grève
• De fleurs
• De soir
The Text is lyric prose
-- Fêtes Galantes I, L. 80 (1891) Paul Verlaine
• En sourdine
• Fantoches
• Clair de lune
A revision of the early version (of Fantoches)originally set for Madame Vasnier?; 1st book better for women; In these songs, you can hear the beginnings of Impressionism.
-- Chansons de Bilitis, L. 90 (1897) Pierre Louÿs
• La flûte de Pan
• La chevelure
• Le tombeau des Naïades
Debussy's world is turning inward - he's now concerned with the integrity of the text (not pleasing audience)
-- Fêtes Galantes II, L. 104 (1904) Paul Verlaine
• Les ingénus
• Le faune
• Colloque sentimental
2nd book considered for men; By this point, Debussy had turned his back on Impressionism (to what?); In these you hear totally new musical language
-- Trois Chanson de France, L. 102 (1904)
• Le temps a laissé son manteaux (Charles d'Orléans)
• La grotte (Tristan L'Hermite François)
• Pour ce que Plaisance est morte (Charles d'Orléans)
Medieval poets:
• Charles d'Orléans (song 1 &3)
• Tristan L'Hermite François (song 2)
Debussy began to look at Medieval poets; Liked 'La grotte' so much that he used it as the first song in Le promenoir des deux amants
-- Trois Ballades de François Villon, L. 119 (1910) François Villon
• Ballade de Villon a s'amye
• Ballade que Villon feit à la requeste de sa mère pour prier Nostre-Dame
• Ballade des femmes de Paris
Debussy's introspection came to a peak in this cycle
-- Le promenoir des deux amants (1910) Tristan L'Hermite François
• Auprès de cette grotte sombre (same as La grotte in Chason de France)
• Crois mon conseil, chère Climène
• Je tremble en voyant ton visage
Trois Poèmes de Stéphane Mallarmé , L. 127 (1913)
• Soupir
• Placet futile
• Éventail (Fan)
1866 - 1925
% complete
-- Trois Mélodies de 1886 (J. P. Contamine de Latour)
• Les anges
• Élégie
• Sylvie
• Composed after he 'escaped' from conservatoire.
• Poet was a great friend (drinking buddy)
• On the page this cycle appears naïve and simple - minimalistic
• Piano has unresolved seventh and ninth chords
-- Messe des pauvres (Mass for the Poor) (1893-95) French Liturgy
1. Kyrie eleison
2. Dixit Domine
3. Prière des orgues
4. Commune qui mundi nefas
5. Chant ecclésiastique
6. Prière pour les voyageurs et les marins en danger de mort, à la très bonne et très auguste Vierge Marie, mère de Jésus
7. Prière pour le salut de mon âme
• Mass written for chorus + organ
• For Joséphin Péladan's Salon de la Rose + Croix
-- 3 Morceaux en forme de poire (1902) (for 4-hand piano; no poetry)
• Three Pieces in the form of a pear
• Composed in response to Debussy criticizing Satie for his pieces lacking form
-- La Diva de l'Empire (1904) Dominique Bonnaud and Numa Blès
• A café-concert ou caf’conc song
• Diva likely refers to Lilly Elsie (1886-1962), a young star (actress) who had her greatest success in 1907 - premier of Lehár's The Merry Widow.
• Nightclub Satie
-- Trois Mélodies de 1916
• La statue de bronze (Léon-Paul Fargue)
• Daphénéo (Mimi (God)Godebska)
• Le chapelier (René Chalupt inspired by Alice in Wonderland)
• First set of serious songs that was written for real singers.
• Dedicated the first and second of the set to the husband/wife singing-team Jane Bathori and Émile Engel (which Ravel does later) & the third song to Stravinsky
-- Parade (Ballet) (1917)
• Ballet senerio by
Jean Cocteau
• Libretto by
Guillaume Apollinaire
• choreography by Léonide Massine
• sets and costumes by Pablo Picasso
-- Socrate (1918) Victor Cousin's translation of Plato's dialogues
• Portrait de Socrate
• Bords de l'Ilissus
• Mort de Socrate
(three long movements)
• For voice and chamber orchestra (there is a piano version available)
• Dedicated to and commissioned by the Princess de Polignac
-- Ludions (Toys) (1923) Léon-Paul Fargue
• Air du rat
• Spleen
• La grenouille américaine
• Air du poète
• Chanson du chat
• Last vocal work for piano
• Characters from the animal kingdom (rat, frog, and cat - not to mention poet!)
One of the closest things we get to musical Dada-ism