Done by Roman Catholic Europe to reclaim the Holy Land taken by Muslim conquests of the Levant

Declared by Pope Eugene III in response to the fall of the Country of Edessa; led by King Luis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany with help from other nobles; ultimately ended in defeat for the Crusaders

Also known as Kings' Crusade; attempt to reconquer the Holy Land but failed; resulted in Treaty of Ramia

Originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by invading through Egypt; resulted in the Latin Empire and the completing of the Great Schism between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church; key turning point in the decline of the empire and of Christianity in the Near East

Attempt to reacquire Holy Land by Catholic Europeans by first conquering the Ayyubid state in Egypt; resulted in an eight year peace treaty between the Ayyubid Empire and European kingdoms

Attempt to regain Jerusalem; little amount of fighting and more diplomatic maneuvering; resulted in the Kingdom of Jerusalem regaining control of Jerusalem for fifteen years

A decisive Muslim victory, in which King Louis and his troops were defeated and captured then ransomed for 800,000 bezants (Byzantine currency)

Fall of Antioch (1268), Tripoli (1289), and Acre (1291) to the Mamluks--last of Christian domination was gone

Launced by King Louis IX of France; resulted in his death, the Treaty of Tunis, and opening of trade with Tunis

The last major medieval Crusade to the Holy Land; caused by Louis IX of France's failure to capture Tunis; led by Prince Edward of England; end of Crusades in Middle East

Mehmed II conquers Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire; Selim I (1512-1520) expands into Europe; Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) extends empire over three continents--success of military and political establishment

Marks the start of the expansion of Ottoman Empire, which includes movement into Europe

Strain under weak rule of following nine sultans

End of Ottoman expansion into Europe and start of the fall of the empire

had to deal with "Eastern Question" (problems caused by decay of the Ottoman Empire); problems of France, Russia, and England, internal conflicts, and military conflicts

Fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and Ottoman Empire on the other

Period of constitutional monarchy established by the "Young Ottomans"

Conflict between Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox led by Russian Empire and composed of Balkan States

Cession of Kuwait and Albania in 1913

Joined the Central Powers in WWI

Division of Ottoman Empire into several new nations

Led by Napoleon Bonaparte of France, mainly to undermine British trade routes to India

US involvement

US and western European involvement

Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda threat rises

September 11th attacks on US soil by al Qaeda

Result of 9-11 attacks; US withdrawal has begun