European Involvement in Middle East

Done by Roman Catholic Europe to reclaim the Holy Land taken by Muslim conquests of the Levant

Declared by Pope Eugene III in response to the fall of the Country of Edessa; led by King Luis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany with help from other nobles; ultimately ended in defeat for the Crusaders

Also known as Kings' Crusade; attempt to reconquer the Holy Land but failed; resulted in Treaty of Ramia

Originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by invading through Egypt; resulted in the Latin Empire and the completing of the Great Schism between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church; key turning point in the decline of the empire and of Christianity in the Near East

Attempt to reacquire Holy Land by Catholic Europeans by first conquering the Ayyubid state in Egypt; resulted in an eight year peace treaty between the Ayyubid Empire and European kingdoms

Attempt to regain Jerusalem; little amount of fighting and more diplomatic maneuvering; resulted in the Kingdom of Jerusalem regaining control of Jerusalem for fifteen years

A decisive Muslim victory, in which King Louis and his troops were defeated and captured then ransomed for 800,000 bezants (Byzantine currency)

Fall of Antioch (1268), Tripoli (1289), and Acre (1291) to the Mamluks--last of Christian domination was gone

Launced by King Louis IX of France; resulted in his death, the Treaty of Tunis, and opening of trade with Tunis