Hecfabian

Jesuits defined the term Ratio Studiorum

Bobbitt felt that the curriculum was a way to prepare students for their future roles in the new industrial society. He influenced the curriculum by showing how teaching classical subjects should be replaced by teaching subjects that correspond to social needs.

Bobbitt created five steps for curriculum making: (a) analysis of human experience, (b) job analysis, (c) deriving objectives, (d) selecting objectives, and (e) planning in detail.

The Tyler Rationale:

1. What educational purposes should the school seek to attain? (Defining appropriate learning objectives.)
2. How can learning experiences be selected which are likely to be useful in attaining these objectives? (Introducing useful learning experiences.)
3. How can learning experiences be organized for effective instruction? (Organizing experiences to maximize their effect.)
4. How can the effectiveness of learning experiences be evaluated? (Evaluating the process and revising the areas that were not effective.)

John Kerr defined curriculum as “all the learning which is planned and guided by the school, whether it is carried on in groups or individually, inside or outside the school”. According to this definition, learning is planned and guided by an institution, in relation to formal education. It fails to take into account larger social forces, context or the political nature of education itself.

Lawrence Stenhouse defined curriculum as “an attempt to communicate the essential principles and features of an educational proposal in such a form that it is open to critical scrutiny and capable of effective translation into practice.” This definition was a move towards a broader understanding and approach to curriculum, and acknowledges its relation to practice.

Curriculum includes not only the entirety of activities, methods, materials, and physical and social environment of the whole learning center, but also the dynamic processes that shape and change these components. Multiple bodies and forces, a program’s funders, the learners themselves, as well as community and national or international events, shape these processes. While the term ‘curriculum’ can refer to the entirety of learning occurring within a center…I often use the term to refer to the environment of my class, including learners’ input alongside the program’s criteria for my level