Period 4 (1450-1750)

Spread Christianity and increase Portugal's influence on the seas. Encouraged Portuguese to go into the Atlantic.
Important: The venturing into the Atlantic lead to the discovery of islands, which they colonized. They started sugarcane there, starting their industry.

Was a monk supporting the church, but saw the wrongdoings and decided to go against the church. He attacked the selling of indulgences and other abuses caused by the church. He worked for a reform, translation of the Bible, ane end to priest authority.
Important: Luther can be credited for getting the ball rolling in reformation. He gained a great deal of followers, causing the church to eventually reform. His movement also lead to the split of sects.

French lawyer who created a strict Protestant Community in Switzerland. Here, they practice strict morality and discipline. Wrote an influential work titled "Institutes of the Christian Religion", which gave people an organized and easy to understand version of the Protestant teachings.
Important: Calvinism ideas spread through France, England Scotland, Hungary and the Netherlands. His very influential work gave people an idea of the Protestant religion, making it easy to understand, which encouraged conversions.

Italian scientist who showed the sky wasn't perfect, but instead constantly changing, contrast to previous ideas. He used the telescope, looked up at the sky and recorded his observations. He saw sun spots and mountains on the moon, disproving the theory that all heavenly bodies were smooth and unchanging. He also gave a better understand of how things work under the influence of gravity.
Important: Brought science into the picture. He disproved the origin theory that heavenly beings are perfect, and showed the world is constantly changing.

English philosopher, ho searched for the natural laws of politics. He worked towards constitutional government here people have a say, rather than absolute monarchies.
Important: This changed the thinking of many people, as society gravitated away from absolute monarchies. Constitutional governments gave people a voice and opinion in the way their government was run.

Founded by St. Ingatius Loyola. They looked for extending the boundaries of the reformed Catholic church.
Important: Loyola made all members partake in an advanced education, learning theology, philosphy, languages, history, literature and science. They made successful missionaries, keeping the Roman church alive.

Made up of bishops, cardinals and church officials to address doctrine and reform. The drew their insipiration from the St. Thomas Aquainas, and defined the Roman Catholic beliefs in detail. They also recognized the Roman Church had abused many people, and tried to reform the church. They demanded other church officials observe standards of morality, and required education for future priests to stop further abuse.
Important: Helped define Catholic reformation and further the goals of the reform.

Military governors who ruled Japan. Received political rights and land for military service. The shogun ruled s a stand in for the Japanese emperor.
Important: Shows how important military is. Also, military service could enable one to move up in society.

He considered himself the "Warrior Sultan". Under his administration, the city of Constantinople was captured, renamed Istanbul and made the new capital. It turned into a big commercial center, as it was the center of where Asia and Europe connected.
Important: Captured Istanbul, making them successful commercially, and seen as a new power. He also set the foundations for a central absolute monarchy.

Conquered surrounding areas and created a single empire. He brought trading cities Timbuktu and Jenne under the Songhay control and dominated Niger valley. He created an elaborate military and imperial navy.
Important :Brought about prosperous trade and power. Controlled a good part of Africa.

Under his administration, the Ottomans' Imperialism reached it's high point. They expanded into SW Asia and Europe. They also became a major naval power, commanding the Black and Aegean Seas, and the acquired Mamluk (Egypt) navy.
Important: A great deal of expansion, and seen as a naval power.

Built up the Mughal Empire, centralizing the administration, and strenghtening the military. He was tough and just, but also interested in religion and philosophy. He instituted a religious toleration policy.
Important: His reign brought a loose empire together into a tight centralized rule. It was what the Mughal Empire needed in order to get started. His act of religious toleration also kept those tensions at bay for the most part.

One of last Ming Emperors. Would not meet with government officials and would instead satisfy his own needs.
Important: Shows the corruption of the government at this time.

Connected Asia and Europe and controlled the Black and Mediterranean Seas. They were powerful and had good trading centers along the Seas, Istanbul being one of the biggest.
Important: Had control of both regions of the world. Used the Silk Road, as the end ended in Istanbul. Powerful Dynasty.

Take over Mali empire and get trading cities (Timbuktu and Jenne) and use wealth to dominate Niger Valley. Extend to Sahara. Participate in trans-Saharan trade. Fall under gunfire.
Important: Big trading city that dominated along the coast of Africa for about 100 years.

They were essentially the middle men, squished in between the Ottoman and Mughal Dynasties. Their main economic source was the Silk Road that lead into Europe. Islam as a big part of their civilization.
Important: Help trade prosper along the Silk Road.

Majority of territory was the Indian peninsula,bringing great prosperity to India. Under Akbar, it grew into a centralized administrative empire. The military kept power in ehck. During this reign, a policy of religious toleration as adopted Aurangzeb broke this toleration, leading to religious tensions between Hindus and Muslims.
Important: Brought wealth to India. Controlled trade in the region, and some that went through to Asia.

The power of East Asia. It was tightly centralized. Gave civil service exams so people had the power to potentially move up in society. Big in Confucianism.
Important: Big power in Gunpowder Empires. Use sea, Silk Road, but not as much trade, because they were 80% agricultural.

Created by King Phillip II of Spain. Used to try and force England to return to the Roman Catholic Church. 130 ships with 30,000 men were sent to try and dethrone Queen Elizabeth. It was put down after England sent ships on fire towards them.
Important: Show the lengths people went to try to get people to their religion. Major religious tension.