Group 5 - Enlightenment

Committee of 11 Church consultants (natural philosophy.s) rule that Copernican system is philosophically, scientifically and theol. unsound (therefore heretical) even after 2 months of ‘lobbying’ by Galileo (system was NOT formally condemned)

Thirty Years’ War begins

Grotius publishes On the Law of War and Peace

Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published

Pope prosecutes Galileo for promoting sun-centered theory of the solar system

French Academy language 1635

The Discourse on the Method published by René Descartes in 1637. (Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences). Descartes tackles philosophical problems and takes on a persona of skepticism to start anew when viewing the world as a whole from a philosophical perspective

Renee Descartes introduces analytical geometry for engineering.

Galileo published Two New Sciences, (smuggled out to Amsterdam)

Thirty Years’ War ends

Air pump (1650s, Dutch) - to study atmosphere

Pendulum clock (1657, Dutch) let scientists more accurately measure time in their experiments

Isaac Newton's (1642-1727) “miraculous year” – worked on universal gravitation, calculus (or “fluxions”), and theory of colors

François de La Rochefoucauld, Reflections.

Journal des savants 1665 by Denis De Sallo

Isaac Newton uncovers laws of gravity • London, already stricken by plague, is destroyed in the Great Fire and subsequently rebuilt in more orderly fashion.

French Academy of Sciences founded in 1666

Jean de La Fontaine, Fables.

Completion of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich; John Flamsteed (1646-1719) became the first Astronomer Royal; Newton published his “An Hypothesis Explaining the Properties of Light” in the Phil. Trans. of the Roy. Soc.

Isaac Newton’s Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica is published. "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" -Latin. It speaks of absolute time, Newtons Law of Motion, Planetary Motion, and Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. One of the most important works in sciences history.

Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica

The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England

Publication of the Daily Courant, London's first daily newspaper.

Sir Isaac Newton becomes President of the Royal Society.

Isaac Newton publishes his Opticks; a book discussing light itself, and analyzing its refraction through prisms and lenses.

Pierre Boisguilbert, Dissertation sur la nature des richesses, de l' argent et des tributs (Dissertation on the nature of wealth, money, and taxes)

Isaac Newton knighted by Queen Anne.

Roger Cotes issues a revision of Newton's Principia Mathematica.

Death of Sir Issac Newton.

Stephen Hales concludes that plants receive nourishment from the atmosphere, and studies the movement of water within plants.

Stephen Hales (1677-1761), showed air takes part in chemical reactions and invented apparatus for investigating gases; Cadwallader Colden, History of the Five Indian Nations

Sir Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica is translated into English by Andrew Motte.

Catherine the Great Empress of Russia 1729-1796

Frederick II was King in Prussia (1740–1786)

Building on da Vinci and Galileo's early use of vertical and horizontal axes, mathematician Leonard Euler establishes the modern convention that axes must be perpendicular. 

Johann Sebastian Bach (31 March 1685 – 28 July 1750)

Joseph Black discovers carbon dioxide, which he calls "fixed air."

Death of Stephen Hales.

English chemist Joseph Priestley publishes the first of several timelines that contemporary audiences would recognize as such: A Chart of Biographycompares the life spans of 2,000 celebrated men from 1200 BC to AD 1750, using bars set against a linear time axis to denote their life spans. 

Joseph II was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790

Joseph Priestley publishes The History and Present State of Electricity.

Joseph Priestley announces his discoveries in On Different Kinds of Air.

Weimar Classicism Movement 1772 until 1805.

Joseph Priestley discovers oxygen.

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) prepared dephlogisticated air (oxygen); Pierre Bayen (1725-1798) investigated the properties of calx of mercury (mercuric oxide)

Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment 1784 essay Immanuel Kant

Joseph Priestley's timeline was shortly followed by political economist William Playfair's invention of the bar chart, an innovation whose merits remained unrealized for several decades. As a young man, Playfair worked in the shop of James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine, where he was likely acquainted with Watt's self-registering device for measuring steam pressure. 

French Revolution 1789–1799 ( end of enlightenment)

The Age of Reason; Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology pamphlet, written by Thomas Paine,challenges the Bible,Published in three parts in 1794, 1795, and 1807.

James Hutton, Theory of the Earth

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) (end of enlightenment)

Death of Joseph Priestley.