Turkish Modernism

closer involvement of Ottomans in British and Russian politics, first nationalist movements, first attempts at Western reforms

expansion of trade and loans to British empire, British and French support of empire, ongoing reforms, start of Ottoman constitutional movement, beginning of Muslim reaction against privileged Christians

first direct foreign investment in empire, ongoing administrative reforms, supressed national ideologies

one-party rule and victory of Turkish nationalism

Success of war of independence

Critically important - people were flattened after the war (famine, locusts, etc.), which was valuable for large scale changes

political and military integration of Turkey into Western alliance
economic development
financial dependence on US
downgrading secularist tendencies

emerging movement and parties veering farther from center
legalized interference of amry in politics
capitalists and trade unions gained importance
migration to Europe as industrial workers
social instability and political extremism (1970s)
repression after military coup by memorandum in 1971

supression of existing political and trade unions
introduction of new economic policy
restrictive constitution of 1982
closer relationship with US

structures from 1980 coup dismantled
main soci0-economic trends remain