European History Timeline

Created the printing press. Forever changed the world!!!!!!

Posted the 95 Theses which forever changed religion. Believed in salvation through faith which means that you put everything in God's hands in hope that he will save you. Priesthood of all believers is a doctrinal responsibility or right to preach and expound the Christian faith. Believed that church and state should be separate.

Nicknamed the "Universal Monarch". He inherited Spain from his grandparents Ferdinand and Isabella and he inherited the Holy Roman empire from his paternal grandfather Maximilian. When he retired, he gave Spain to his son and HRE to his brother.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empire-Roman-Emperor-Charles-V.jpg

The Diet of Worms was an assembly, or meeting, which addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation. Luther would not recant and fled into hiding. Basically accomplished nothing.

This was a widespread popular revolt in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe. Luther's start to the reformation made the peasants want to revolt. Luther took a middle road, supporting them in some areas, but also criticizing them in others.

The Council of Trent was an Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. It is considered to be one of the Church's most important councils. It reformed parts of the Catholic church that were being spotlighted by new Protestants. It was fairly successful, but it was even more necessary.

War fought between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League. Charles V won and the Peace of Augsburg was issued.

The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League. It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanently within the Holy Roman Empire.

War fought between the Protestant States and the Catholic states. Was fought over religion. France wanted to exert its power against the weaker German states that bordered them.

A series of peace treaties signed that ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_map_1648.PNG

A confederation of client states of the First French.
Empire.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confederation_of_the_Rhine_(1812).svg

A conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Metternich, and held in Vienna. Three goals: To return monarchs to power, get reparations for the war, and to balance power.

The loose association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map-GermanConfederation.svg

The Ottoman Empire besieged Vienna, leading to this battle. The Kingdom of Poland played a major role in the battle and helped the HRE and Polish/Lithuanians win.

Ruler of the HRE who issued Pragmatic Sanction to ensure that the hereditary possessions of the Habsburgs could be inherited by a daughter.

Daughter of Charles VI who was allowed to take the thrown because of the Pragmatic Sanction. She strived to do what she thought best for her people. Reformed according to this goal.

Involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa's succession to the realms of the House of Habsburg. Austria, Britain, and the Netherlands fought against Prussia, France, and Spain. Prussia and the Hapsburg monarchs struggled to occupy the region of Silesia.

Great Britain, Prussia, and Portugal vs. France, Spain, Austria, Russia, and Sweden. France came out the loser in the Treaty of Paris, having to give up territories and pay war reparations.

Oldest son of Maria Theresa and brother of Marie Antoinette. Legislated a series of drastic reforms to remodel Austria in the form of the ideal Enlightened state.

Peasants were required to work 3-4 days without pay per week for their local lord.

An German politician and statesman. Established the Metternich System which was an effort to keep the peace in Europe after a time of many wars. The Carlsbad Decrees were a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation. The Concert of Europe was the balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars to the outbreak of World War I. Dislike liberalism and nationalism.

Called the "Soldier King" because of his fondness for military display, leading to his special efforts to hire the tallest men he could find in all of Europe for a special regiment nicknamed the Potsdam Giants.

Involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa’s succession to the realms of the House of Habsburg. Austria, Britain, and the Netherlands fought against Prussia, France, and Spain. Prussia and the Hapsburg monarchs struggled to occupy the region of Silesia.

Great Britain, Prussia, and Portugal vs. France, Spain, Austria, Russia, and Sweden. France came out the loser in the Treaty of Paris, having to give up territories and pay war reparations.

Was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic. Criticized Enlightenment ideas and shaped Europe's thoughts on the Enlightenment.

A German philosopher, and a major figure in German Idealism. historical materialism is a methodological approach to the study of society, economics, and history.

This was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. The Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm IV refused to accept the office of emperor when it was offered to him.

The early Renaissance began in Florence, Italy. It began one of the most significant time periods in European history.

Before 1860 Italy was not the country we know now but a group of kingdoms governed by different Royal Families.

The Medici family ruled and were the highest of the upper class. Rich as can be. Had the most famous artists do works for them. Florence had the Duomo. It was where the Renaissance was started and was at its peak.

Was an Italian nobleman, politician, and cardinal and was the son of Pope Alexander VI. Loved Machiavelli because of his thoughts on how countries should be ruled an run.

An Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance. Part of the Medici family, wealthy "rulers" of Florence.

An Italian Dominican friar and preacher active in Renaissance Florence. He denounced clerical corruption, despotic rule and the exploitation of the poor.

The period where the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance were at their peak and looking greeeaaaaat. Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael were all doing their best work. The High Renaissance was based in Rome.

Machiavelli wrote The Prince, which is a practical guide to ruling. Machiavelli emphasized the need for realism, as opposed to idealism.

Castiglione wrote The Courtier in 1528. It presented the attributes of a perfect courtier. Castiglione used specific examples from his experiences in the Urbino court.

Galileo was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. Galileo said the sun was in the middle of the galaxy and everything revolved around it. Everyone, especially the church, strong disagreed with this.

Humanism is a group of philosophies and ethical perspectives which emphasize the value and agency of human beings

Beccaria wrote "On Crime and Punishment". In it, Beccaria put forth some of the first modern arguments against the death penalty. He advocated reform of the criminal law system.

Reparations for wars, return Monarchs to power, and balance of power. The Italian peninsula was divided into seven parts: Lombardy-Venetia, Modena, Naples-Sicily, Parma, Piedmont-Sardinia, Tuscany, and the Papal States under the control of different powers.

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The Risorgimento was the movement for the unification of Italy.

Unification movements were unsuccessful... FINISH

Was an activist for the unification of Italy. Formed the group called Young Italy that wanted the unification of the several states and kingdoms of the peninsula into a single republic.