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Use Cases
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Resources
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Pricing
1400 - 1600
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1450 - 1600
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1517 - 1600
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1550 - 1800
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1600 - 1750
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1789 - 1815
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1815 - 1850
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1516
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Gave the King effective control over the Church in France.
1559 - 1589
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Ruled for her sons, attempted to be a politque but failed because of the whole St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre deal.
1572
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Targeted group of assassinations on Huguenots who gathered in France for Henry of Havarre's (future Henry IV) wedding
1589 - 1610
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Baptised Catholic, convereted to Protestantism, switched back to Catholicism to become the King. "Paris is well worth a mass"
Enacted the Edict of Nantes that allowed religious freedom to Protestants. Killed by fanatic Catholic.
1610 - 1643
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Turned power over to Cardinal Richelieu.
Controlled the nobles. Intervened in the Thirty Years War, aided Swedish troops, sent French troops, and defeated the Hapsburg Empire. Retracted political and military privileges granted to Huguenots by Henry IV.
Created the French Academy, a learned body on issues relating to the French language.
1618 - 1648
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Cardinal Richelieu (Louis XIII) sends aid to the Swedish and eventually send French troops to fight and defeat the Hapsburgs (Spain and Austria).
"By the time this is over, France is the strongest country in the Europe."
1643 - 1715
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"I am the state." The Sun King. Ruled individually after the death of Cardinal Mazarin.
Was scared as a child by the Fronde (noble uprising in Paris) and was intent on creating a stronger central government. Pacified the nobles by having them live with him in Versailles.
He revoked the Edict of Nantes, which gave Huguenots religious freedom.
Initiated the gabelle (tax on salt) and the taille (tax on land) to lower the debt and fight bankruptcy.
Lost of the War of Austrian Succession, an attempt to unite the French and Spanish throne under the House of Bourbon. This claim was fought by other European powers who sough to keep a balance of power.
1702 - 1774
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Fought between the Two Crowns (Spain loyal to Phillip V and France) and the Grand Alliance (everyone else).
France wanted to unite the Kingdoms of France and Spain under one Bourbon monarch and the rest of Europe fought to protect a balance of power.
France lost and there was no unified throne.
1715 - 1774
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Madame de Pompadour was his mistress.
Art= Rococco
1748
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Believed in 3 branches of government.
1756 - 1763
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Austria vs Prussia on the continent, fighting over territory.
Off the continent- Austria's allies (France and Russia) vs Prussia's allies (Britain)
Prussia and Britain win.
Treaty of Paris (1763)- no major changes in Europe, put Britain gets France's territories in North America.
1759
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Believed heavily on freedom of speech and expression. Also believed in separation of church and state.
1762
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Believed people should make decisions on impulse and emotion, not rationality.
The Social Contract- people entered into a contract with each other and government to establish society.
Emile- people learned through experience, education should just be kids wandering around experiencing things, not in a classroom.
1774 - 1792
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Marie Antoinette was his wife, the French people hated her because of her ridiculous spending and lack of compassion for the poor.
Louis was arrested, charged with high treason by the National Convention, tried, convicted, and executed.
1776 - 1783
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France helped the Americans during the American Revolution because of their hatred towards Britain and the desire to see a weakened British empire.
French aid in the American Revolution was extremely costly and sent France to the edge of bankruptcy.
1789 - 1791
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Abbe Sieyes- wrote What Is The Third Estate? which became the manifesto of the Revolution.
Asssignats- paper money issued by the National Assmbly.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy- subordinated the Roman Catholic Church in France to the French government,
Constitution of 1791- abolished the ancien regime and created a constitutional monarchy.
1792 - 1795
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National Convention- legislative assembly
Committee of Public Safety- committee led by Robespierre that had executive power.
Reign of Terror-period of violence marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution"
Thermidorian Reaction- reaction to the Terror, National Convention votes to execute Robespierre and several other crazies.
1795 - 1799
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Directory- 5 member group that held executive power.
Oligarchy-
1799 - 1815
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Concordat of 1801- solidified Roman Catholicism as the majority church in France but kept most power with the state.
Napoleonic Code (1804)- forbade privileges based of birth, granted religious freedom, and said jobs should go to the most qualified.
Continental System (1806ish)- trade embargo against Britain, this failed because Britain prospered greatly from the black market that developed.
Napoleons Empire- France, Satellite Kingdoms, Colonies
Peninsular War (1808-1812)- war between France and the allies of Spain for control of the Iberian Peninsula.
Invasion of Russia- BAD IDEA. Russia had winter on their side.
Hundred Days (1815)- Napoleon returns to France and is placed back in charge, he ruled for 100 days before he is exiled again with much harsher conditions this time.
Waterloo (1815)- the defeat at Waterloo ended Napoleons reign as Emperor of France and ended the Hundred Days. He was defeated by the Seventh Coalition allies.
1814 - 1824
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Louis XVI's son (Louis XVII) died at the age of 10 from illness in prison after his parents had been executed.
Louis XVIII was Louis XVI younger brother and took over the throne.
Charter of 1814- kept Napoleons code and religious arrangements (You can be catholic!), but added a Chamber of Deputies (elected legislative body)
He believed in "responsible government"
1815 - 1820
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3 goals: 1. Balance of power, 2. Restore legitimate rulers, 3. War Reparations.
France was represented by Talleyrand, they were treated pretty fairly until they allowed Napoleon to have power during the Hundred Days, than the allies were a little harsher on France,
1824 - 1830
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HUGE CONSERVATIVE.
Hated the idea of "responsible government" and worked hard to restore the ancien regime.
July Ordinances: 1. Dissolved Chamber of Deputies, 2. Decreased number of voters, 3. Controlled the press.
Result: July Revolution (think Les Miserables)
1830
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Against Charles X, who fled to Britain when the revolutions got out of contorl.
The people (mainly urban workers and middle class) erected barricades across Paris and fought royal troops.
1830 - 1848
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Called the Citizen King and his reign was known as the "_____ monarchy"
Reduced property qualifications for voters, abolished press censorship, and issued the Tricolor flag.
He ignored the demands of the urban worker and caused the Revolutions of 1848.
1848 - 1852
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The 2nd Republic in France.
All males could vote.
There was a unicameral elected legislature.
President: Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon III)
Heavily influenced by socialism!
1848
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Prime Minister Guizot convinced Louis Philippe to outlaw public banquets, the people revolted, Louis Philippe lost control of Paris, abdicated, and fled to England.
A Provisional Coalition government took control.
1848
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National Workshops have to close, the people revolt in Paris and call for socialism. 4 days of unrest and barricades.
A Republic was eventually formed.
1848
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Louis Blanc was a leading voice in the Provisional Coalition Government. He was a utopian socialist and wanted National Workshops where the government paid people for doing things.
These failed miserably because they government didn't put enough money into them and there was not enough work.
1465
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THE PRINTING PRESS
1517
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99 Thesis stuff.
Salvation comes through faith alone and not works.
Priesthood of All Believers- everyone is equal in religion and in the eyes of God, NOT IN POLITICS.
Government- separation of church and state.
1519 - 1556
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http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/churchhistory220/lecture14/CharlesVEmpire2Sm.JPG
"The Universal Monarch"
Inherited Spain through his maternal grandparents and HRE from his paternal grandparents.
Abdicates his throne, give Spain to his son Phillip II and HRE to his brother Ferdinand.
1521
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A hearing for Martin Luther.
Lead to the Edict of Worms, which was an arrest warrant for Luther.
Luther sought refuge with a German noble.
1525
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German peasants took Luther's "Priesthood of All Believers", applied it to politics, and wanted more civil liberties.
Luther, who was being protected by German nobles, condemned the uprising.
1545 - 1563
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This was the Catholic church's attempt to respond to the Protestant Reformation, FAIL.
1546 - 1548
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Between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League of the Holy Roman Empire.
Charles V royal troops were victorious but Lutherans ideas had spread across the region.
Led to the Peace of Augsburg and the acknowledgment of Protestant religion.
1555
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Acknowledged the Protestant religion.
Allowed German princes to choose the religion for their area of domain.
cuius regio, eius religio ("who rules, his religion")
1618 - 1648
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Started with the Defenestration of Prague- throwing Catholic guys out of windows because we're angry!
Began as a Catholic vs. Protestant struggle in the Holy Roman Empire, turned into a Hapsburg vs. Bourbon fight for European dominance.
France first entered the war by offering aid to the Swedish who were fighting on the side of the Protestants, but eventually sent French troops to fight.
1648
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http://www.balagan.org.uk/war/thirty-years-war/images/map_1648_Europe.png
You can be Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist.
Dutch get independence.
1806 - 1815
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1815 - 1820
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3 Goals: 1. Balance of power, 2. Restore legitimate rulers, 3. War reparations.
Poland is divided up between Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
Concert of Europe- series of international meetings trying to settle a balance of power, later became a model for the League of Nations and United Nations.
1815 - 1871
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Robot- Labor tax, must work certain number of days for Austrian government.
Vienna as the center for European music
1683
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Ottomans were besieging Vienna.
Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor formed an alliance with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Lithuanian troops were delayed and the Polish, led by Jan III Sobieski, saved the day!
1711 - 1740
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Pragmatic Sanction- said that no one could divide Hapsburg lands, allowed Maria Theresa to take the throne.
1740 - 1780
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Reduced the Robot.
Eased life for the serfs.
Reorganized the government,
1740 - 1748
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A conglomeration of wars over the Austria throne and Hapsburg lands.
Austria/Britain vs Bavaria/Saxony/Prussia/France
Began when Joseph II of Prussia ignored the Pragmatic Sanction and invaded (and conquered) Silesia.
1756 - 1763
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Austria vs Prussia on the continent, fighting over territory.
Off the continent- Austria’s allies (France and Russia) vs Prussia’s allies (Britain)
Prussia and Britain win.
Treaty of Paris (1763)- no major changes in Europe, put Britain gets France’s territories in North America.
1765 - 1790
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Holy Roman Emperor.
Enlightened despot.
Abolished serfdom and got rid of the death penalty.
Most of his reforms were undone after his death because he didn't have the support of the nobles.
1821 - 1848
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1st chancellor under the reigns of Francis I (1821–1835) & Ferdinand I (1835–1848).
Metternich System- conservatism at its greatest. Wanted balance of power in Europe and suppression of nationalism.
Carlsbad Decrees- reactionary restrictions introduced on the German Confederation that banned nationalistic fraternities and expanded press censorship.
Concert of Europe- series of international meeting hosted by Metternich in Vienna to end the Napoleonic Wars and restore balance to Europe.
2 Things He Hates- hated French revolutionary ideals and nationalism.
1848
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March 1848- rioting breaks out in Vienna
Metternich loses support of Emperor Ferdinand and flees to England.
Ferdinand gives the people a more liberal government but it is too late and he ends up fleeing to England as well.
Ferdinand doesn't want the throne anymore so his brother, Franz Joseph takes over.
Franz Joseph puts down the rebellions, reasserts the ancien regime, and re-establishes Hapsburg dominance over the area.
1713 - 1740
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"Soldier King"- focused on improving the Prussian military. Saw particular value in tall soldiers and put forth special efforts to hire tall soldiers, who were known as the "Potsdam Giants"
1740 - 1786
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Pragmatic Sanction- Frederick declined to acknowledge the Pragmatic Sanction and invaded (and conquered) the territory of Silesia from Austria.
Enlightened Reforms- modernized Prussian bureaucracy and civil service, promoted religious tolerance, and improved the Berlin Academy.
1740 - 1748
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A conglomeration of wars over the Austria throne and Hapsburg lands.
Austria/Britain vs Bavaria/Saxony/Prussia/France
Began when Joseph II of Prussia ignored the Pragmatic Sanction and invaded (and conquered) Silesia.
1756 - 1763
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Austria vs Prussia on the continent, fighting over territory.
Off the continent- Austria’s allies (France and Russia) vs Prussia’s allies (Britain)
Prussia and Britain win.
Treaty of Paris (1763)- no major changes in Europe, put Britain gets France’s territories in North America.
1780 - 1790
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German philosopher, poet, writer, and literary critic.
Gave life to the Durm and Strang moverment.
1800 - 1830
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Gross deutsch- German unification including Austria
Kleine deutsch- German unification without Austria
-Big deal because Austria would dominate if in included in a unified Germany.
1830
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(pub. Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences, 1830)
Theory on the progression of history-
THESIS>ANTITHESIS>SYNTHESIS>>>THESIS>ANITHESIS....
Until sociecty reaches the ABSOLUTE IDEA, the thesis that has no antithesis.
1848
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Wrote the New Constitution, which provided for an Elected Parliament and would unify the states as a German Empire (Spoiler Alert: this doesn't happen until Bismark)
They offered the crown to Frederick William IV who rejected it, calling it a "crown from the gutter" because it was offered by elected representatives of the people and not the German princes.
After this, German nationalism pretty much falls flat on its face.
Political Organization- individual city-states.
1400 - 1600
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Emphasize the value of individuality.
Individual thought over faith.
Rationalism.
1450 - 1500
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Started in FLORENCE.
1460 - 1470
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Lorenzo de Medici ruled Florence.
He controlled Florentine banking and used his wealth and power to make Florence the center of art and culture.
1476 - 1507
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Pope Alexander VI's son.
He attempted to unite all of Italy but FAILED.
Admired by Machiavelli becuase he was a solid "end justifies the means" / get rid of morality guy.
1478 - 1492
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Ruler of Florence.
Controlled Florentine banking.
Extremely powerful and wealthy.
Large patron of the arts.
1494 - 1498
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Dominican Monk who convinced the Florentines that the Medici's were too worldly and powerful.
He took control of Florence but was eventually executed when they realized that he was crazy!
1500 - 1527
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ROME!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1513
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"the end justifies the means."
Rulers can do whatever necessary (even immoral things) to achieve glory and survival.
1527
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Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V) invades Italy and sacks Rome
1528
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Describes the ideal Renaissance man,
- Person who is talented in all fields of art and culture.
1632
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Imperically proved Copernicus right
-It is a fact that the sun is the center of the universe,
Not recieved to well, forced to recant, and put on house arrest.
The book was placed on the Index of Forbidden Books.
1764
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Condemned torture and the death penalty.
Called for proper treatment of criminals.
1800 - 1850
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UNIFICATION.
3 Groups:
1. Guiseppi Mazzini- Young Italy- wanted democracy
2. Sardinians- wanted constitutional monarchy
3. Neo Guelfs- wanted Catholic theocracy.
Everyone is divided and couldn't agree so this FAILED.
1815 - 1820
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3 Goals: 1. Balance of power, 2. Restore legitmate rulers, 3. War reparations.
Italy remains divided, most of Northern Italy went to Austria.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Map_congress_of_vienna.jpg
1848
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Led the Young Italy group.
Wanted a constitutional monarchy.
SPOILER ALERT: His group eventually lead Italian unification in the 1860s)
1848
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Italian unification movements of 1848 were unsuccessful because everyone was divided.