Europe Late 1700s to Early 1900s

Combination Act: English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Luddities: Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1812 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.

A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance- Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain- and France held in 1814-15 to fashion a general peace settlement that attempted to redraw Europe's political map after the defeat of the Napoleonic France.

The industrial gap between continental Europe and England widens

A philosophy whose principal ideas were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as such individual freedoms as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, assembly, and arbitrary arrest.

The idea that each people had its own genius and its own specific unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state.

A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society, and a move toward international cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property.

Industrialized banks promote rapid industrialization in Belgium

Rocket: The name given to George Stephenson’s effective locomotive that was first tested in 1830 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at sixteen miles per hour.

Factory Act of 1833:English Law that led to a sharp decline in the employment of children over age nine could work and requiring younger children to attend factory-run elementary schools.

Mines Act of 1842: English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under 10.

Friedrich Engels, Middle class German published in 1844, ‘The Condition of the Working Class in England’. The new poverty of industrial workers was worse than the old poverty of cottage workers and agricultural laborers. Culprit: Industrial capitalism, with its relentless competition and its constant technical change. It was and influential charge of middle class exploitation and increasing worker poverty was embellished by Karl Marx and other socialists.

The great Famine occurs in Ireland. Many Irish leave to different countries.

The bible of socialism! SAys that one Class has always exploited the other, and, with the advent of modern industry, society was split more clearly than ever before. Between the bourgeoisie ( the middle class) and the proletariat (modern working class). In the book he says class identity trumped national identity. Written with the help of Friedrich Engels.

A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.

Crystal Palace: The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London, an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.

Germ Theory: Contagion of disease was spread through filth, not by breathing in bad odors of decay and putrefying excrement. Pasteur and others had demonstrated the connection between germs and disease.
Bacterial Revolution: Over next twenty years researchers identified organisms responsible for diseases, leading to effective vaccines. Doctors also applied germ theory in hospitals by sterilizing everything.

Indian soldiers revolted against the British. Sepoy's were infuriated by the British use of animal fats of cows and pigs to grease rifle cartridges which was sacred to their religion, high tax rates, and low-caste soldiers in the army. This made them start a rebellion.

Germany joins together and is united as one Country.

Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871: The last war of unification. French declare war against Prussia because of Ems Dispatch was a telegram edited by Bismarck that insulted the French ambassador; inflamed public opinion on both sides. Prussians defeated French, and all states were declared under Prussian control.
Alsace Lorraine: French land that was gained because of the war

Imperialism: When Powerful Countries (e.g.: Great Britain) try to colonize, control the political, economic and social issues of less industrialized countries. Stronger countries pretty much take control of smaller countries. AND The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies; the extension or imposition of power, authority, or influence. EG: The British are imperializing Africa.

Europe had caught "african fever".

Berlin Conference of 1884: European leaders met in Berlin to discuss the colonization of Africa. They said that one country could not control all of Africa, so they divided it up. This meeting was held by Otto Von Bismarck. And no Africans were present at the meeting.

Poem written by Kipling urged the U.S. to take up the “burden” of empire, as had Britain and other European nations. Published in the February, 1899 issue of McClure’s Magazine, the poem coincided with the beginning of the Philippine-American War and U.S. Senate ratification of the treaty that placed Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under American control.

US army in 1915 are chasing bandits, rio grande river.
Border between texas

Christmas Eve, 1914: Both sides declined to fight on Christmas and Christmas Eve, 1914. They even caroled together in no man’s land

Schlieffen Plan: A military plan to attack Paris and then control France and then use all of their military power against Russia. This planned failed, because Belgium fought with France. This allowed GB and France to prepare for the German soldiers.

The Three Wars:

Battles of the Marne, Verdun and Somme: All wars were on the Western Front. Wars fought on French soil. 2 million killed in total. Saved France and Paris.
1st Battle of Marne- Fought on the outskirts of France. Franco-British against Germans. Germans defeated.
2nd Battle of Marne- Allied powers send counterattack
on Germans. Germans defeated. Great number of casualties on both sides.
Battle of Verdun- Fought in the city of Verdun. Known as the "war of attrition" (goal is to not gain territory, but wipe out as many of the enemy as possible). Fought between Germany and France. Germans defeated. *Known as the longest battle of WWI.
Battle of Somme- Fought near the river of Somme. Fought between French and Germans. 1.2 million killed.

Lusitania: Boat travelling from USA to GB. There were Americans aboard the ship. The ship was sunk by German U- boats. That is when USA entered the war on the French side and Germans promised to stop submarine war. 128 Amercians died.

Unrestricted submarine warfare: Germans said they would sink all ships that entered British water. Even if it was neutral.

US entry into WWI. Carnal John J Pershing brings troops over.
Hold the line, charge the Germans
Germans call Americans the “devil dogs”

Russians leave Eastern Front and return to Russia.
Germans race to the Western Front. They try to beat America. They give it all they got (1918)

Russians leave the Eastern Front and abandon war.

Armistice: an agreement to stop fighting. The armistice became effective November 11, 1918. The French, British, and Americans called for it. The Germans were forced to sign.

Treaty of Versailles: the treaty that was signed after World War 1 by the allies that dealt with the division of Germany’s assets, their demilitarization . Everyone was there except Germans and Austrians. Germany in turmoil, Russia in Turmoil, Austria- Hungary turmoil