Unit III Timeline

The Treaty of Nanking was the peace that was the end of the First Opium War. The First Opium War was fought between China and England over differing opinions about trade, especially the opium trade in China. The British beat the Chinese and forced them to sign the Treaty of Nanking. It forced them to cede Hong Kong to Britain forever, to pay a large indemnity, and to open up 4 large cities for foreign trade with low tariffs

Also known as the Paper Partition, the Berlin Conference was the conference in which European countries got together to decide how to partition Africa and to divide it between different countries. The Berlin Conference was sponsored by Bismarck and Jules Ferry, who both sought to avoid conflict over imperialism. The Congress agreed to stop slavery and the slave trade in Africa. This was not completely followed. Britain had taken control of Egypt, which became the model for New Imperialism for many other imperial holdings. Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Britian, Belgium, etc controlled various parts of Africa, such as Britain's Capetown to Cairo African empire.

In South Africa, gold and diamonds were discovered in the Transvaal, and Cecil Rhodes, governor of the Cape Colony, wanted those resources. However, the region was controlled by descendants of Dutch settlers known as Boers. Kaiser Wilhem II, seeing the conflict over the Transvaal in South Africa, sent the Kruger Telegram to the Boers. It congratulated the Boers on resisting the British invaders without need of German military assistance. When the telegram was read by the British people, anger swept through Britain, directed at Germany. The massive British forces eventually defeated the Boers in the Boer Wars, and in 1910, the Transvaal, the Orange Free State, Cape Colony, and Natal combined to form South Africa.

The Fashoda Incident was the conflict over Sudan between France and Britain. France sent an expeditionary force into Fashoda, and Britain responded. The situation escalated into a war scare back home in Europe. As a result, France backed off and ceded Sudan to Britain. This was in part to reduce the accusations against the French Third Republic which was involved in scandals like the Dreyfus Affair and the Panama Canal Scandal. The Fashoda Incident was an example of a minor conflict over territories that was narrowly avoided.

Citations

Notes From Class
Videos From Class
https://www.britannica.com/topic/mandate-League-of-Nations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria
https://www.widewalls.ch/futurist-manifesto/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1905)

Bloody Sunday was a massacre that occurred in St. Petersburg. It started out as a peaceful march on the Winter Palace to present a petition for improved working conditions, voting rights, etc for the working class involved in the march. The crowd, composed of over 3000 people, gathered around St. Petersburg, and they began to march to the Winter Palace singing, ironically, God Save the Tsar. The military had a plan to contain the “criminals,” and began to fire on them unwarning and to charge at them with bayonets and horses. The Tsar, though he did not order this, was largely blamed for the massacre, and the incident raised public awareness of his incompetence, leading eventually to his downfall.

The Manifesto of Futurism was a manifesto written by Filippo Tomasso Marinetti in 1909. It expresses the artistic movement of Futurism, which was a rejection of the past and a celebration of modernization and industrialization. Futurism was a movement centered in Europe, where the literature and art would not be overtaken by progress. The manifesto calls for ideological, aesthetic and social upheaval, and depicts the framework for the futurist movement in Italy.

The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria was a very important moment in history l. His assassination led to the start of the largest war that had ever taken place in the history of the world. Not just was it the largest war ever but also the most deadly war ever. The assassination of Ferdinand can be considered one of the most influential events of all time due to its deadly consequences. The archduke was assassinated by a Serbian who was fed up with the Austrians and wanted Serbia to have its own land. Just like Bismarck predicted, the Balkans was the reason for the start of the next war.

The Easter Rising was an insurrection in Ireland which took place on the week of Easter. This revolt happened as the Irish were angry at the British and wanted to be independent of the Britain. Many rioters were killed and the revolts proved unsuccessful. This was an important event because it was the start of many attempts by the Irish to gain independence which they soon would. The British would soon grant the Irish their wish as they would have enough of the Irish revolts, however, this one ended with many Irish leaders being executed.

The origins of the March revolution were food riots and strikes. The Duma declared itself a Provisional Government on March 12, and the Tsar ordered soldiers to intervene. However, the soldiers just joined the rebellion, and on March 17, the Tsar abdicated his throne. The Menshevik Alexander Kerensky headed the Provisional Government along with Prince Lvov, who was of royal blood. This was not a communist revolution, but it was a very popular one. Kerensky favored gradual socialist reform and saw the war effort as a priority. The Provisional Government was overthrown by the Bolsheviks November of the same year.