Palmer Chapter 3

In Italy

Education becomes more important to the social structure

The Spanish Golden Age is a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty

England, shortly after discovery of the White Sea

Gave the ruler of each German state the right to choose its own religion.

A Turkey Company soon followed the Russia Company, which followed the English discovery of the White Sea. Companies made it possible for cross-continental trade.

"Having tried in vain for 35 years to preserve religious unity in Germany, abdicated his many crowns and retired"

"In 1559 King Henry II was accidentally killed in a tournament. He left three sons, of whom the eldest in 1559 was only 15. Their mother, Henry's widow, Catherine de'Medici, an Italian woman who brought to France some of the polish of Renaissance Italy, along with some of its taste for political intrigue, with which she attempted to govern the country for her royal sons."

Religious & civil wars

"The Dutch revolt against Phillip II was inextricably political and religious at the same time, and it became increasingly an economic struggle as the years went by. It began in 1566, when some 200 nobles of the various provinces founded a league to check the 'foreign' or Spanish influence in the Netherlands. The league to which both Catholic and Protestant nobles belonged, petitioned Phillip II not to employ the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands. They feared the trouble it would stir up; they feared it as a foreign court; they feared that in the enforcement of its rulings the liberties of their provinces would be crushed. Phillip's agents in the Netherlands refused the petition. A mass revolt now broke out. Within a week fanatical Calvanists pillaged 400 churches, pulling down images, breaking stained-glass windows, defacing paintings and tapestries, making off with gold chalices, destroying with a fierce contempt the symbols of 'popery' - and 'idolatry.' The rank and file for these anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish demonstrations consisted chiefly of journeymen wage earners, whose fury was driven by social and economic grievances as well as religious belief."

The Duke of Alva & 20,000 Spanish soldiers.
The Duke established the Council of Troubles to suppress religious and philosophical dissidents

"In [1569] the Catholics of Northern England, led by the Duke of Norfolk and sewing the cross of crusaders on their garments, rose in armed rebellion against their heretic queen."

Moriscos - converted Muslims

"In [...] 1570 the pope excommunicated Elizabeth [I] and absolved her subjects from allegiance to her, so that English Catholics, if they wished, could henceforth in good conscience conspire to overthrow her."

Lepanto: off the coat of Greece

"In [...] 1572 the Catholic leaders of France, with the advice of the pope and Phillip II, decided to make an end of the Hugeunots, or French Protestants. Over 3,000 were seized and put to death on the eve of Saint Bartholomew's Day in Paris alone; and this massacre was followed by other violence and lesser liquidations throughout the provinces."

The desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed especially by the generous donation of money to good causes.

Entire Iberian Peninsula is under his rule

"Elizabeth at last openly entered the war on the side of the rebels, sending 6,000 English troops to the Netherlands in 1585."

In the name of his daughter

Grants religious rights to French Protestants

"[Castile and Catalonia] suffered [...] during the seventeenth century from a line of kings whose mental peculiarities reached the point of positive imbecility."

Founded by the English

"Among the upper class, there was more insistence on high birth and distinguished forebears in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries than there had been before."

Forced able-bodies people to work and relieve the absolute destitution of those who could not.

"In 1609 some 150,000 Moriscos were driven out of Valencia; in 1610 some 64,000 were driven from Aragon; and in 1611 there were also mass expulsions from Castile."

Controls the English slave trade and gold imports from West Africa for a long time.