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1503 - 1720
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Spanish government policy to give Native Americans to certain colonists for labor in return for Christianizing them. It was heavily abused and corrupt leading to much debate and later forced reform.
1600 - 1783
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The biggest Indian power made up of five big tribes. They sided with both the French and English on multiple occasions using it to their advantage. Unfortunately American Revolution broke it apart as the Confederacy could not figure out who it would support, leaving each tribe to decide independently. Many sided with the British, so in their ultimate defeat the Confederacy was left in tatters.
1607 - 1685
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A loose affiliation of dozens of small tribes lead by Powhatan. They made effort to make peace with the Colonists but were wiped out due to the three D’s: disease, disorganization and disposability.
1610 - 1614
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At first the Jamestown Colonists and the Powhatans had a peaceful, but tense relationship. The Virginia Company though sent over Lord De La Warr, who brought orders to declare war on the Indians. The Colonists raided Indian settlements, stole supplies and burned crop, which was ended by a peace settlement, sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe.
1636 - 1638
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Between English Colonists and the Pequot Indians in Connecticut River valley, which ended in the slaughter and near extinction of the Pequots and their allies creating years of uneasy peace between Indians and Puritans.
1644 - 1646
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Multiple Indian attacks lead to the second war as the Powhatans made one final attempt to push out the land hungry Virginians. The peace treaty in 1646 ended all thought of possibly assimilating the Indians.
1675 - 1676
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Attacks on the English settlements in New England by Metacom, AKA King Philip. Slowed western migration for several decades.
1676
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Uprising of farmers and indentured servants in Virginia, led by Nathaniel Bacon as a response towards Governor William Berkeley’s refusal to protect settlers from Indian attacks. They attacked Indians and then it grew into a broader rebellion between the poorer settlers and the planter elite.
1680
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Caused by the increasing oppression of the native religious customs by the Spanish missionaries. Pueblo rebels destroyed Catholic churches in colonial New Mexico and killed several priests and Spanish settlers.
1756 - 1763
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Between the French and British in North America. Many Indian tribes sided with The French to expel the British colonists. The French were expelled from the mainland of North America and left with Canada.
1763
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Led by Ottawa chief Pontiac with the goal of driving out the British out of Ohio Country. Put down by the British troops who distributed blankets infected with smallpox to the Indians. Convinced British to try and come to peace with Indians, so they passed the Proclamation of 1763 blocking settlement past the Appalachian Mountains.
1794
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Battle between Miami Confederacy and the U.S. Army where the British refused to shelter the fleeing Indians and forced a peace settlement with the United States in the Treaty of Greenville.
1795
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Miami Confederacy cedes territory in Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash, hunting rights, and formal recognition of their sovereign status. It created an unequal relationship between the US and the Indians.
1804 - 1806
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On their expedition of the new land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, where many Indians who lived there would get forcibly moved. They stayed with the Mandan Indian. They then were guided by the Shoshone, Sacajawea.
1811
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Defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa by William Henry Harrison in Indiana area, launching the future President into celebrity status. Tecumseh, Tenskwatawa’s brother, in response later forged an alliance with the British against the United States.
1811 - 1813
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With his brother, Tenskwatawa, AKA the Prophet, Tecumseh united the tribes east of the Mississippi River, refusing to give in to the settlers. Once his brother was defeated at Tippecanoe, Tecumseh made an alliance with the British. He then went on to fight with the British in the War of 1812, only to die in 1813 during the Battle of Thames, crushing the Pan-Indian Alliance.
1830
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In direct opposition to the ruling siding with the Indians by John Marshall, Jackson got the act passed through Congress. Relocation of all Indian tribes, mainly the Cherokees, to the east of the Mississippi. Marched along the Trail of Tears where countless Indians died.
1832
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Sauk and Fox braves from Illinois and Wisconsin, led by Black Hawk, who resisted and were put down by troops led by Lieutenant Jefferson Davis of Mississippi and Captain Abraham Lincoln of Illinois.
1835 - 1842
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Joined by runaway slaves the Seminole Indians retreated into the swampy everglades waging a guerilla war killing over a thousand soldiers. Their leader was captured though, through treachery in 1837.
1838 - 1839
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Dubbed trail from Georgia and Alabama to Indian Territory as a result of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Fifteen thousand Cherokee Indians were marched during this time, with some four thousand deaths.
1850 - 1887
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The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.
1876
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Provoked by greedy gold seekers the Sioux, lead by Sitting Bull went on warpath. Colonel Custer was sent to suppress them and put them back on their reservation. Custer’s army was much smaller and the Sioux killed all of them.
1881
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Written by Helen Hunt Jackson it grabbed at the moral sense of people by chronicling the government ruthlessness and abuse when dealing with the Indians. It highlighted the growing debate of humanitarians and hard liners on Indians.
1887 - 1934
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Broke up Indian reservations given in the reservation system and distributed the land to individual Indian family heads. If the Indians behaved they would get the full title to their holdings and full citizenship in 25 years, citizenship to all though came in 1924. It was eventually abolished in 1934 in FDR’s first term.
1890
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The Indian culture movement of the “Ghost Dance” was banned in the tribes so when it spread the army bloodily stamped it out, killing over 200 Indians and 23 soldiers.
1924
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1934
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Ended the land allotment of the Dawes severalty act and encouraged Tribes to establish local self-government and to preserve their native craft and traditions. Also help stop loss of Indian Land and revived tribes’ interest in identity and culture. Many Native Americans denounced it saying it was trying to make the Indians museum pieces, but many still established governments.
1940 - 2000
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The war prompted Native American Movement from reservations. Thousands found war work in major cities and enlisted. More than 90% were on reservations in 1940, by 2000 more than half lived in cities.
1941 - 1945
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About 25,000 Native americans served in WWII, many of which were invaluable as “code talkers”. They sent radio messages in their own native language which the Axis powers could not crack.
1946 - 1953
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Truman restarted assimilation policies thinking it would help them saying it was to integrate Indians into the wider nation and protect them from racial discrimination in the post-World War II era. He enacted termination policies that dismantled trust relationships, relocated Indians to urban centers and stripped tribes of land and sovereignty.
1970 - 1980
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Inspired by the Civil Rights Movement, Native Americans used the courts and civil disobedience to gain power. They pushed for their status of a separate, semi sovereign people and won many court cases.
1978
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Supreme Court declared that Indian Tribes possess a “unique and limited” sovereignty, subject to the will of Congress but not to states.