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19th February 1861
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The Edict of Emancipation was a liberal reform put in place by Tsar Alexander II, abolishing serfdom and allowing the proletariat to purchase and own property, albeit at a steep price
1864
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The Zemstvo was a form of provincial or local government tasked with developing and enforcing laws specific to their own population
1879
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Narodnaya Volya, translating directly to "The People's Will" in English, was a revolutionary organization best known for the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881
13 March 1881
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The Tsar is assassinated by a young member of the social agitation group known as Narodnaya Volya. Two explosions leave the Tsar, along with several Cossacks, dead
1 November 1894
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Tsar Alexander III, celebrated ruler of Russia and father of Nicholas II, passes away after a battle with terminal kidney disease
26 May 1896
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After the untimely death of his father, Alexander III, the Tsar is reluctantly thrust into power, beginning what would be a tumultuous reign
30 May 1896
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1,389 civilians are killed in a stampede at Khodynka field after a celebration of the Tsars coronation
1 March 1898
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The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was a political organization established by Vladimir Lenin. The group would eventually split into two separate organizations, The Bolsheviks and The Mensheviks, the former of which would come to eventual power
1902
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The Socialist Revolutionary Party was a socialist organization established by Viktor Chernov promoting an overthrow of autocratic regime
1902
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"What Is To Be Done?" is a pamphlet written and published by revolutionary Vladimir Lenin. Within it, he discusses and proposes the ideas that would later form the basis of Marxist Leninism as employed by the USSR
November 17 1903
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The Russian Democratic Labour Party splits into two factions: The more radical Bolsheviks (meaning "majority" in English) and the conservative Mensheviks (meaning "minority" in English). The Bolsheviks pursue a communist state for Russia, whereas the Mensheviks lean toward a democratic state. Both factions coexist but are naturally distrustful of eachother
8 February 1904 - 5 September 1905
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The Russo-Japanese War took place over imperialist ambitions by both Russia and Japan, fighting over Manchuria, a Chinese satellite state. The war was a source of great distress for the Russian people, who experienced a decisive defeat and mass casualties in late 1905. Approx. 70,000 Russians soldiers and seamen perish
December 1904
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Four workers at the Putilov Steel Works are fired for association to revolutionary activity and organizations. As a result, the entire workforce strikes, destabilizing economic output in St. Petersburg and garnering several copycat incidents
22 January 1905
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Workers in St. Petersburg, disillusioned by poor working and living conditions, march peacefully to the Winter Palace lead by Father Gapon to reason with the Tsar. The Tsar, however, is elsewhere and the protestors are fired upon by Cossacks. Casualty counts range from 132 people to in excess of 4,000
22 January 1905 - 16 June 1907
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The proletariat begin a chain of revolutionary activity leading to a set of political and constitutional reforms including the introduction of the Duma's and the multi-party system
27 May 1905
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After 6 months of sailing around the coast of Africa to reach the Straits of Tsushima, the entire Russian naval fleet is annihilated despite outnumbering Japanese forces 38-4. When news of the defeat reaches the Tsar, he is forced to withdraw from the war and admit defeat for fear of sparking unrest
17 October 1905
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The October Manifesto was a constitutional document issued by the Tsar in an effort to quell revolutionary activity. It guaranteed civil liberties for all members of the Russian general population as well as the installment of the Duma, a democratically appointed legislative body, theoretically transferring some political power to the people, limited as it may be
April 23 1906
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The Tsar issues a set of Fundamental State Laws that secure his position as "Supreme Autocrat". He reserves the right to veto any decisions made by the Dumas as well as the ability to disband them at any time
April 27 1906 - 8 July 1906
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The First Duma is enacted with little success as the Tsar is reluctant share power. It is disbanded after 73 days
6 May 1906
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Enacted by the Tsar, the constitution ratifies changes made in the October Manifesto; for the first time, a Russian Tsar officially shares his autocratic rule
20 February 1907 - 2 June 1907
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The Second Duma is enacted and lasts 103 days. President Stolypin fails to develop a functioning relationship with many of organizations and delegates present. It is dissolved after Stolypin requests revisions to be made to remove several legislative seats
June 4 1907
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The Tsar and Stolypin make a series of changes to the electoral laws, placing more power in the hands of the Bourgeoisie and limiting the polling power of the peasantry, in doing so violating the fundamental state laws he had enacted a year earlier
7 November 1907 - 9 June 1912
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The Third Duma was the first to serve its full period. It did so, however, with little political progress in the interest of the proletariat.
4 April 1912
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Harsh working conditions and a low pay rate on the Lena Goldfields leads to mass worker strikes. The strike committee was subsequently arrested for revolutionary activity and the workers fired upon by the Russian Imperial Army. An estimated 270 workers were killed and another 250 were wounded, sparking a wave of protests and strikes across the country
15 November 1912 - 6 October 1917
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The Fourth Duma was one of little legislative change; the Tsar maintained a watchful eye on proceedings and did not shy away from interjecting and vetoing anything deemed too progressive, even suggesting that the Duma be reduced simply to a consultive body. The Duma's were discontinued by the provisional government following the abdication of the Tsar in 1917
August 1914
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Russia is drawn into the conflict of WWI along with allied Germany & Austria-Hungary
5 September 1915
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Faced with growing discontent amongst troops and losses on the battlefield, the Tsar, who was militarily trained from childhood, travels to the Eastern Front to take personal command of the Russian armies in an effort to boost morale and support. This backfires, however, as the Tsar becomes personally responsible for any failures or issues encountered by the military
February 23 1917 - 3 March 1917
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The February Revolution was the first of two revolutions in 1917, contributing to the forceful overthrow of autocratic rule. A chaotic affair, it served as the culmination of decades of political unrest and a growing sense of discontent from the public. There were mass demonstrations and protests throughout St. Petersburg, with much of the events being supported by mutinous Russian forces. There is no evidence of formal planning or leadership
1 March 1917
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The Petrograd Soviet Order No. 1 was the first decree of the The Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, designed to undermine and cripple what little power autocracy and it's supporters still had
2 March 1917
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Faced with unrelenting criticism and unrest amongst the people of Russia, the Tsar was forced to abdicate his throne, leaving it to his brother Grand Duke Michael. Michael declined however, leaving the decision to a Constituent Assembly for the continuance of the monarchy or a republic. The assembly voted in favor of the latter, leading to the formation of a provisional government
8 March 1917 - 7 November 1917
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The 1917 revolution led to the forceful overthrow of Russian Autocracy after over 300 years of Romanov rule
17 July 1918
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Faced with the incoming White Guard suspected of intentions to rescue the Tsar and reinstall Autocratic regime, the Tsar and his family were executed in the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg by Bolshevik troops