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n Son of a peasant woman
n Powerful churchman
n Half brother of William the
Conqueror
n Very "energetic”
- Advocate for sport & exercise
- Mind, body, soul strengthened
- Revolutionary thinker

n Created in 1070's, by the order of
Bishop Odo
n Battle of hastings 1066, William
the Conqueror vs then King
Harold of Britain
n A superb source on medieval
sport and leisure ~ 70 m in
length

n Priest, philosopher,
theologian
n Greatest medieval scholastic of
all time (1225-1274 CE)
n Physical fitness and recreation

n Anything good to the body is good for
God
n The body is filled with God therefore the
body was good and not filled with sin
n A positive relationship between physical
well-being and mental health

Lessons in Anatomy

Invented the printing press

Marcilio Ficino;
occult sciences
n Astrology;
horoscope -
"house of health"
n Astrologic
physiognomy

n Perfectability of
human form/
personality
n Vitruvian man:
devine proportion

Pietà & the David

University of Pauda

Great anatomist

• “An Anatomical Lesson Concerning

the Movement of the Heart and the
Blood in Animals.” (1628)

Theorized blood circulaJon from

anatomical observaJon
• Through his discovery of circulaFon,
jusFfied the process of experiment

and observaFon

“De pulmonibus” [“On the

Lungs”] (1661)
• IdenFfied the missing link

in Harvey's theory
through the microscope
• Fine blood cells

(alveoli) and oxygen
transfer

Refined the microscope

further research; allowing

detailed invesFgaFons of

the body
• decreased reliance on

speculaFon and dogmaFc

adherence to old

knowledge in medicine

Neo-Humanist

• Enlightenment educator, philosopher, poliFcian, writer
• Inalienable rights of “man”

Locke, An Essay Concerning Human

Understanding, (1690)
• The mind derives its total content from

the environment ~ humans do not have

innate ideas, everything comes from

experience
• Mind is shaped by the experiences
which it is exposed to

“tabula rasa” − the mind as a blank slate upon
which experience would write the story of one's

life

Codifying laws of the universe through

mathemaFcal formulae
• Natural Philosophies & Principles of

MathemaJcs (1686)

• QuanFfied natural laws

• Biomechanics

Systema naturae (1735)
• System for naming, ranking, and
classifying organisms
• Linnean system − biological idenFficaFon;

system based on similariFes such as internal

and external anatomy, physiological

funcFons, geneFc makeup, or evoluFonary
history
• Zoology (Species, genus, … phylum…)

Followed Locke’s work on human

understanding
• French philosopher
• Social Contract (1762)
• “Nature gospel of educaFon” –
educaFonal naturalism

• Learn through senses

The proper way to educate a child is to take
“it” out into nature
• Allow the child to quesFon and inquire

Philanthropinum at

Schnepfenthal InsFtute,

Gotha, Germany
• Philanthropist movement

(“people friends”)
• Allowing all children to

have access to edu. & phys
ed.

A Vindica.on of the Rights of

Women, 1792

• Feminist philosophy

• First women to advocate for
women’s right to educa,on,

du,es, etc.

Studied under Franz Natchegall in Copenhagen,

Denmark
• NaFonalist movement; Scandanavian

cultural heritage and mythology

• GymnasFc (exercise taxonomy)
• Military as well as therapeuJc focus of system

“die Turnvater”or father of the Turners
• Hasenheide Turnplatz
“Father” of modern gymnasFcs
• German naFonalist ~ devastated by Napoleonic

wars and French dominaFon
• Saw gymnasFcs as method to strengthen and unify

his country
• Created 1st turnplatz(= exercise area) in 1811
Physical acFvity as a means, not
an end − naFonal regeneraFon
• German freedom lay in the
development of strong, sturdy,
fearless youth
• Cra}ed the first balance beam, horizontal bar,

parallel bar, and vaulFng horse
• IniFated whole Turnverein (outdoor gymnasFc

exercise) movement worldwide

German−born student, friend and

follower of Jahn
• He fled Germany auer Jahn was

arrested
• Established the now−famous Round Hill

School, Northampton Massachuseks in

1825

• Taught La,n and physical educa,on

(Turner gymnas,cs)

Vocal and drama,cs teacher
• Formulated laws of aesthe,cs
• 50 years of observa,on and analysis of the way normal

people express their emo,ons through movement

• for actors and actresses to

help them connect with

their mind, soul and life
• series of exercises to

develop a clear concept of

their body in space

• Social reform advocate (Harriet
Beecher Stowe) early female
exercise
• Women's gymnastics to develop
appropriate physique for women
to fit women into their social
and domestic roles (true
womanhood)
• Hartford Female Seminary,
1824; Western Female
Institute, 1833-37
• Miss Beecher’s Housekeeper and
Healthkeeper,1875 ed.

advocated physical exercise as a

part of public educa,on − against

use of drugs (homeopath)
• 1864 school for ladies based

upon hygiene in Lexington,

Massachuseks

Background
• Genius, eccentric
• Murder
• Landscape photography
• Animal interests

• Hygenic -- Anatomy &

physiological Func,on
• Educative − Cul,va,ng
mind body
• Re-creative − Restoring vital
energy
• Remedial − Correc,ng physical

defects (OT/PT)

American businessman from
Lawrence, Massachusetts
o A.B. - Z of Our Own Nutrition
(1903)
o writing and lectures on
popular nutrition
o president of the Health and
Efficiency League of America
o subsidized research on nutrition

unique set of
cures and
exercise
equipment to
cure ailments of
his time
o breakfast cereal
industry
innovator (1895)

Athlete, sculptor, physician,

physical educator

• Lifelong friend to Dr James
Naismith
• McGill grad, then U of
Pennsylvania

• Books: Exercise in Educa8on and
Medicine

• and Reclaiming the Maimed

o Born Angelo Siciliano in Italy
o December 23, 1972, was the developer of a
bodybuilding method and its associated exercise
program that was best known for a landmark
advertising campaign featuring Atlas's
name and likeness
o It has been described as one of the longestlasting
and most memorable ad campaigns of all
time – “ the 97 lb weakling”

o Founded Phys Culture
mag in 1899
o Eventually grew a
publishing empire with
Life, True Detective, True
Story , Sport, True
Romances (huge
readership)