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Use Cases
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Resources
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Pricing
1945
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Yalta Summit: Sphere of Influences
1946
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Aim: guarantee peace after the War
1947
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CEEC was founded Committee for European Economic Cooperation --> to manage the Marshall funds
Truman Doctrine was mainly caused by the Civil War in Greece (Communist vs Greek government)
Marshall plan was also introduced, for Economic benefits of big US Exporters
1948
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Organized by the European Union Federalists, aim create a European Federation + maintain peace
Result: Creation of the Council of Europe + ECHR in 1950
--> not what the federalists wanted (not supranational, but intergovernmental)
--> their expectations were not lived up to
They realized that there was a need for a different approach for European Integration, you couldn't just ask the MS to give up their sovereignty
1948
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France, Britain, Benelux agree to a military alliance against possible renewed German Agression
1949
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The Truman doctrine was very influential.
1949
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Founded to control the Ruhr area (important for weapon production)
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France needed coal
1949
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1950
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Goal: integrate France and Germany's steel production (+ IAR should be deleted), BUT France wanted access to Germany's coal + problem of the IAR and Germany's independence are solved
+ it would connect France & Germany in a way that they could not fight each other again
For Germany: they wanted international acceptance (+ they wanted to get rid of the IAR)
Benelux: mainly economic reasons
Italy: they also wanted international acceptance (+possibility to build the economy)
Britain: were not interested
x they felt they were a superpower
x nationalisation of the coal industry
x clumsy diplomacy (Monnet first informed US and then UK)
Did the US have any role: Yes, they set an ultimatum to Germany --> The US pushed the process (breakup of the cartel of the Ruhr Area)
1951
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the IAR could not remain in place, once Germany became independent
The European Coal and Steel Community is founded
1952
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Why did they come up with the European Defence Community (at the same time with the ESCS):
x Korean War (same thing could happen to the Federal Republic of Germany)
--> consequently the US ask for the rearment of Germany (Shock to France)
With the idea of the EDC, the need for the European Political Community became apparent, the French didn't want this)
Because this was so cooperated, Monnet wanted
1. ECSC
2. EDC (& EPC)
1954
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Treaty of Brussels should from now on include Germany and Italy (+ France, Britain & Benelux)
--> linked to the failure of the EDC and EPC
1955
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Discussion about the creation of a common market --> broader coopearation, doing away with all the customs etc.
France is not very interested, but under international pressure it changes its mind
x Suez Canal
x War in Algeria
x Hungary
--> France felt that they needed the other European countries to be successfull
France's requirement:
They wanted next to the Common market, also a market for agriculture - Why?
--> It was expected that Germany would be so competitive, that France's agricultural sector could not stand it --> Subsidies from Germany to France
Colonies
Atomic Energy
1957
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Two treaties:
EEC
Euratom
1960
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1961
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Negotiations about the Fouet plan (intergovernmental defence cooperation (<----> instead of supranational). France was the leading power (Germany and Benelux are in no position). If Britain joined they could not hold the leading power. De Gaulle did not want the British on board
1963
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He now finally could veto their accession, because Britain had purchased missiles from the US. He considered this as a sign that Britain did not want to cooperate with its European allies
1965
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ECSC, ECC, Euratom become the European Community (EC)
1965
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France temporarily withdraws its participation in the Council of Ministers.
Why?
In response to the idea that there would be a budget for the EEC, to be controled by the EP. France refused this. They wanted that the MS controlled the EEC, by means of national contributions to the ECC. He refused the complete supranationalism idea
1966
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x Each MS could veto in cases of national interest (no QMV)
x Agricultural contributions remained the power of the MS
1969 - 1979
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Main cause= Recession (caused by the OPEC)
Mainly intergovernmental organisation, not supranational
1969
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Attempt to revive the European Integration
Three aims:
1: Completion
--> EC got its own budget
2. Widening:
--> 1/1/1973: Britain, Denmark and Ireland become part of the EC
3. Deepening:
x EMU is a failure
x European Political Co-operation based on the plan fourchet (interngovernmental working) is a success
1973
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1974
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= Sign of intergovernmental organisation
1979
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1981
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Why did Greece join?
--> EEC wanted to ensure democracy in Greece
1984
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The British got their budget rebate.
The meeting here paves the way for the further European integration
1985
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The Idea of the Single European Act to create the internal market
1986
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