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Use Cases
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Resources
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Pricing
753 BC
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according to legend of Romulus and Remus
city ruled by Kings
509 B.C.
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451 BC
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Due to Plebians, who wanted legal certainty and distrusted the pontiffs (different social class) who were responsible for interpretation of law
Decemviri commission established to codify customary law
Law: concentrated on pater familias (only one legally liable), enforcement mainly at parties´ responsibility, only changed reluctlantly and by interpretation
400 BC
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special magistrate
legis actiones: responsible for supervision of formula recitation
iudex responsible for judgement (efficient since praetor could worl on somethign else in the meantime)
formulary procedure: parties could speak in own words, praetor set up formula
250 BC
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no official role, gave advice since jurisprudence was mainly in handds of non-jurists, mainly about private law, Cicero most famous
orators mainly trained in rhetoric
242 BC
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responsible for ius genitum (cases involving non-citizens)
ius gentium: "law of nations"/ "law that is common to all peoples"/ (later on "ius naturale", except slavery) thus applicable to citizens as well
44 BC
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first emperor: Augustus - law no longer in hands of popular assemblies, resolutions of Senate instead
100 AC
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complex casuistic legal system required ordering (especially for teaching)
150 AD
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by Julianus, ordered by Hadrianus
+ legislative power in hands of emperor: "imperial constitutions" (either like an edict or in form of a rescripta)
150 AD
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Institutional scheme: classification of law into persons, things (law of propery etc) and actions (like procedural law)
212 AD
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Edict by Emperor Antoninus - granted many roman citizenship and made them subjects of ius civile
zenith of roman law (time of Papinian, Paul, Ulpian - latter was the first to differenciate private and public law)
223 AD
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decline of roman law followed
300 AD
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fourth century (post classical law) - abolishment of formulary procedure
cognitio: iudex as state official, one stage procedure, this is where early canon law developed
300 AD
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fourth century: distinctions like owenership and possession less important, rise of local variations/less uniform application (due to Constitutio Antonianiana - local customs as further source of law
313 AD
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ended persecution of Chirstians
Christianity became official religion under Theodosius I (§45-395) but didn´t influence the law much
395 AD
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preceded by a de facto partition of Eastern and Western Empire
426 AD
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defined which jurists can be considered an authoritative source (part of the struggel of defining what constituted roman law - jurists could not decide for themselves)
438 AD
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preceded by Codex Gregorianus and Codex Hermogenianus
contained all imperial statues since Emperor Constantine
476 AD
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under Germanic Kings: Roman law for Roman population (set out in the Lex Romana Burgundionum), Germanic law for Germanic people (Lex Burgundionum) + most important souce: vulgar roman law (Lex Romana Visigothorum/Brevarium Alaricianum for roman population under visigoths)
527 AD
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influential on legal system, backed by his wife Theodora
built Hagia Sophia
set out legislative projects (with Tribonian)
529 AD
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533 AD
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Digest: summary of writings of great jurists, important source of classical roman law knowledge, alterations (emblemata triboniani, nowadays interpolations)
Institutes: influenced by Gaius´ institutes, discovered 1816
534 AD
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in middle ages known as Corpus Iuris Civilis (in latin), included "novels" (in Greek): new laws of Justinian
900 AD
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by Emperor Leo the Wise, made Corpus Iuris into a single work + scholia (notes and comments by Justinian´s jurists)
1345
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basis of Greek law, until newly codified in 1940
1453
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Chistianity replaced by Islam