Foundation (8000 B.C.E) - Post Classical Era (1450 C.E.)

Confucious, Kong Fuzi, was the first Chinese thinker to address problems of political and social order straightforward. His ambition to become a powerful minister made him capable as an educator and become a praised teacher to Chinese society when Confucious established his teachings in a book called Analects. As filial piety became a major significance in Chinese families, Confucius restored political and social order in China.

The roman nobility replaced the Etruscan monarchy to an aristocratic republic, which instituted a republican constitution. This constitution gave the two consuls powered in military and civil. This selective power to two parties cause tension between the hereditary elites and the common people (plebeians). The tension forced the republic to constitute a compromise that eases the classes problems. The republic also expanded its power over the vast east and west Mediterranean.

When the Mauryan Empire declined by the death of Ashoka, Northwest India suffered from acute financial and economic difficulties. Although this empire vanished, India did not submit to anarchy because the Greek-speaking conquerors from Bactria, Alexander of Macedon imperial heirs established an independent Bactrian kingdom. This establishment enabled India to seize large territory far south to Gujarat, linking lands from China to the Mediterranean, and effectively promoting cross-culture interaction.

As Macedon when under King Phillip the second, Macedon was equipped with military machines that enabled him to overcome traditional clans and proclaimed himself as ruler of Macedon. His military forces of hardy and well-trained landowners and aristocrats made his military invincible. By 350 BCE Philip moved northern Greece annexing poleis and their surrounding territories. As the Peloponnesian War damaged much of the armies of Poleis, Philip conquered Greece in 338 BCE without much of a major battle, but only dealing with minor bands of small forces.

After King Phillip the Second death, his son, Alexander, succeeded to expand his father's empire. By gathering large assemblies of armies, under his command, his army invaded the Persian empire. Alexander's sophisticated and well thought out statistics and well-equipped and well-trained army enabled Alexander to conquer east of Macedonia all the way towards Bactria.

Shang Yang policy of generous profits towards peasant cultivators boosted agricultural production, which weakens the economic position of the hereditary aristocratic classes. After Shang Yang, the first emperor Qui Shihuangdi ordered the burning of all books of philosophy, ethics, history, literature, and scholars that had any influence of criticizing his regime. His strict policy of centralization made Confucious standardize laws, currency, measurements, and systems to become to his liking. Also, his standardization of the Chinese script.

The nephew of general Marius, Julius Caesar favored liberal policies and social reform. Once he became eye to the public for his participation in Roman politics, his popularity led him an army to conquer Gaul, which he successfully did. As the still-growing Roman empire, Gaul helped to precipitate a political crisis. Caeser's policies pointed the way towards a centralized, imperial form of government for Rome and its possessions.

The Kushans who attacked Bacteria ended the Indo-Greek kingdom and the most successful conquerors and their empire embraced much of northern India and central Asia. This group facilitated commerce between India and lands to the north. The empire pacified much of the large regions of Persia and China making long distance travel safer. The interactions between these regions made the Kushans an important role to the Silk Roads network.

Once the Han Dynasty collapsed and problems of faction between ranks of the ruling elites and the perennial issue of land and it's equitable distribution lead peasants to be utterly unrestful and rebellious. The marriage alliances between imperial and aristocratic families led to the formation of parties to exclude others from important positions in the government. While landowners gained reducement to their taxes and shift their burden onto peasants. This economic pressure on the peasants leads them to rebel against the government.

Since Christianity and its followers were shunned and named irreligious to Roman officials in the Rome. Therefore, Christian missionaries took Paul of Tarsus as their example to attract converts, which by performing miracles by Gregory the Wonderworker through missionary travels made people in Anatolia and the Mediterranean basin believers in Christianity. As Christianity became a common faith in the Mediterranean basin missionaries traveled and traded with the ports and regions they've companied, Christianity stretch Mesopotamia, Iran, and India. The most faithful in southwest Asia were called the Nestorius.

After the empire fell, the people of western Christendom used the method of feudalism that named their political and social form.

The most important emperors of the Byzantine Empire was Justinian. Him and his wife Theodora both gained recognition in the empire as their weakness were made. During his reign, scholars and himself preserved to understand Roman's original law but because it was too confusing and mess, Justinian code of codification of Roman law was established. Justinian and his scholars gather systematic review of the Roman law established the issue the "Body of the Civil Law". His law is present in Europe, Japan, and Louisiana USA.

Continuing the enforcement of a centralized government, emperors demanded their subject to build strong grant buildings such as palaces and granaries, defensive walls and levied high taxes. Still demanding compulsory labor systems. The most know project during this dynasty was the Grand Canal. During the second emperor Sui Yangdi's reign (604-618 c.e), the completion of a canal that stretched from northern and southern China facilitated regions with water. Therefore, regions were able to grow abundant of rice and food crops and were able to transport food crops north and south beside east and west.

Under his rule, he was responsible for the beginning to the independence of the Roman church. As the Germanic Lombards maced Rome, Gregory claimed back to papal primacy and made bishops of Rome the ultimate authority of the Christian Church.

After the collapse of the Gupta Dynasty, King Harsha restored the unified rule in most of northern India. At age sixteen, his ambitions and energetic motives lead him to establish an army of well-equipped cavarly, elephants, and infantry. His authority made present beyond India, close to the Himalayan states. He enforces his power by subduing those who failed to recognize him. Harsha held the reputation for piety, liberality, and scholarship.

As a ruler of this dynasty, the most success of the Tang Dynasty came from Tang Taizong (627-649 c.e). During his reign rice prices were low, but peasants were the main group that was taxed while still taxed for annual harvests. Causing an unstable prosperity. However, the Tang Dynasty made equal settlements, such as the Equal-Feild System. This system was established to give equal distribution of land to defeat the constant problems between classes.

After Muhammed returned to Mecca from his journey from Medina, his followers and himself arranged to participate in the annual pilgrimage to the Ka'ba, but in 630 C.E Mecca was attacked by the faith of Muhammad. The elites were forced to adopt Muhammad faith, dedicated themselves to Allah, and replaced pagan shrines with mosques and sacred buildings. As these arrangements accord, Muhammad and his followers denied Ka'ba as their home of deity and continued to keep the black rock a symbol of Mecca's greatness. By 632 Muhammad led the first pilgrimage to Ka'ba and launched campaigns.

The high point of the Abbasid Dynasty was the caliph Harun al-Rashid. After Abbasid authority lost force in provinces distant from Baghdad, tax revenues were brought wealth to most parts of the empire. Therefore, Bagdad became the center of banking, commerce, industrial productions, and a population with thousands of people. This caliph provided liberal support to artists and writers, conventional wealthy gifts to favorites, and gave the common and peasant people money coins by tossing it through the streets of Baghdad.

Zhu Xi neo-Confucian influence is crucial to the cultural development because it illustrates a deeper meaning to Buddhists and Chinese societies. Their writings held Buddhist themes and reasoning that brought Confucian values and understandings. Also, it kept neo-Confucianism to last all over eastern Asia for a very long time.

The Bhakti Movement was a cult of love and devotion that was created in hopes to lessen the tension between Hinduism and Islam. It began in southern India that encouraged a traditional piety with Hindu values.