SUMMARY: SCHISM

The interesting thing about this is that Corinth was much closer to the Sees in Asia-Minor. Why would the far-west bishop be intervening?

10 Pauline letters, plus his own version of Luke

Victor, Bishop of Rome, was going to excommunicate churches in Asia-Minor over when Easter was celebrated. The bishops in Asia-Minor had rejected Victor's authority to compel them to change when Easter was celebrated. Other bishops intervened and convinced him not to.

Sites 21 NT Muratorian Canon NT Books

Origen's canon included all of the books in the current New Testament canon except for four books: James, 2nd Peter, and the 2nd and 3rd epistles of John. Included Sheperd of Hermes

Shortly after Synod of Ephesus in 193

St. Epiphanius of Salamis objects in 315

Codex Sinaiticus (appears to be LXX) and Codex Vaticanus (used LXX) are possible surviving examples of these Bibles; NT included Epistle of Barnabas and Shepherd of Hermes

30 clerics
Considered Judaizing to rest on Saturday instead of Sunday; Forbade reading non-canonical books in church. There is a canon60 that came out of the meeting that lists the current protestant bible but it is questionable as to whether canon 60 originally existed. Decrees Death to those who don't observe Sunday as the Lord's Day; Biblical Canon (didn't include Revelation)

Constantine commissioned bibles from Eusebius; Damasus commissioned bibles shortly thereafter from Jerome;

Council of Constantinople called by Constantine (not attended by West)
Council of Rome called by Damasus I (not attended by East)

Used word "canonized" in regards to them; Athanasius also included the Book of Baruch, as well as the Letter of Jeremiah, in his Old Testament canon. However, from this canon, he omitted the book of Esther.

Water that has been prayed over for baptism and whatnot - EO Doctrine

Eastern Church in Constantinople in Miaphysite heresy. (Oriental Orthodox believe this definition of Jesus) Divine and Human nature of Jesus united in one nature.

Not truly ecumenical/ Excludes West

Not bishop vs bishop but legate vs bishop, not a true split; tit for tat - leavened bread vs unleavened bread for greek churches in sicily and for latin churches in Turkey, disagreement over papal authority outside of diocese, the filoque. Rome started by forcing greek churches to use unleavened bread in Eucharist in Sicily; East responded by forcing Latin churches in Turkey to use leavened bread and closed them down upon refusal.

Not bishop vs bishop but legate vs bishop, not a true split; tit for tat - leavened bread vs unleavened bread for greek churches in sicily and for latin churches in Turkey, disagreement over papal authority outside of diocese, the filoque. Rome started by forcing greek churches to use unleavened bread in Eucharist in Sicily; East responded by forcing Latin churches in Turkey to use leavened bread and closed them down upon refusal.

Constant attacks by West and Ottomans

West occupied Constantinople at this time

The eastern representatives affirmed latin doctrine of the filioque, papal supremacy, etc at both the Second Council of Lyon and the Council of Florence. Under threat of Muslim Invasion

The Local councils in the East didn't receive the findings from the Council of Lyons and so unification between East and West didn't occur.

East(Constantinople) - surrounded by Ottomans

The eastern representatives affirmed latin doctrine of the filioque, papal supremacy, etc at both the Second Council of Lyon and the Council of Florence.
Under threat of Muslim Invasion

East/West Schism; Western Schism; Hussites; All of the Eastern Bishops except Mark of Ephesus submitted to papal supremacy in order to get Rome to help against the Invading Ottomans.

Papal Authority was not received by the local councils in the east and so unification between east and west didn't occur and Rome didn't help fight off the invading Ottomans.

Corruption of the Eastern Church leadership.

The Orthodox Church found itself subject to the Ottoman system of corruption. The patriarchal throne was frequently sold to the highest bidder, while new patriarchal investiture was accompanied by heavy payment to the government. In order to recoup their losses, patriarchs and bishops taxed the local parishes and their clergy.

Nor was the patriarchal throne ever secure. Few patriarchs between the fifteenth and the nineteenth centuries died a natural death while in office. The forced abdications, exiles, hangings, drownings, and poisonings of patriarchs are well documented. But if the patriarch's position was precarious so was the hierarchy's. The hanging of patriarch Gregory V from the gate of the patriarchate on Easter Sunday 1821 was accompanied by the execution of two metropolitans and twelve bishops.

• Ottomans gave Church in Jerusalem to Catholics; Orthodox were furious, most Orthodox are in Russia

Sharp decline in number of Orthodox because of this genocide;
more than 3.5 million Armenian, Assyrian and Greek Christians were massacred in a state-organized and state-sponsored campaign of destruction and genocide, aiming at wiping out from the emerging Turkish Republic its native Christian populations.

after Soviet Collapse

omits Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1/2Peter, 3 John; includes Wisdom of Solomon, Apocolyps of Peter

First claim in writing; Stephen claimed to be bishop of bishops to the North African bishops and that he had authority concerning the validity of baptism of those baptised by heretics.

(Apostates not welcome back into the church); Addressed by Synod of Carthage in the West

Southwest of Rome - only bishops and priests from the area

Baptism by splinter groups/heretics are invalid; Bishop of Rome (Stephen I) claimed to be bishop of bishops which strained relations between bishop of carthage and bishop of rome; The issue of valid baptisms was to be addressed later at the First Council of Nicea

Made Christianity Legal in East and West

Affirms 27 books of NT....maybe not sure what this one was about

Virtually fixes 27 NT Book Canon in the West, Jerome went against Augustine's view and used Hebrew OT (no deuterocanonical books) not LXX (includes deuterocanonical books). Superceded the previous version "Venus Latina" which used LXX; 405-408 the Greek OT books not in the Hebrew OT were added to the Latin Vulgate by Jerome in his next revision

Augustine already considered the books "Canonized";

Recognizes the modeern Roman Catholic Canon; excludes deuterocanonical/apocraphyl writings, this was a regional meeting though as the EO always recognized the deuterocanonical books from the LXX; Canon still neeeded ratification by Rome; Hippo was west of Carthage

Original Sin; Baptismal Regeneration; Perseverance of the Saints/OSAS; Predestination;

Agrees with Council of Hippo

affirmed Augustinian theology; against semi-Pelagianism

Gave the West back power that it hadn't had in a long time

not ecumenical/ Excludes East

Not bishop vs bishop but legate vs bishop, not a true split; tit for tat - leavened bread vs unleavened bread for greek churches in sicily and for latin churches in Turkey, disagreement over papal authority outside of diocese, the filoque. Rome started by forcing greek churches to use unleavened bread in Eucharist in Sicily; East responded by forcing Latin churches in Turkey to use leavened bread and closed them down upon refusal.

West occupied Constantinople at this time

The eastern representatives affirmed latin doctrine of the filioque, papal supremacy, etc at both the Second Council of Lyon and the Council of Florence. Under threat of Muslim Invasion

East(Constantinople) - surrounded by Ottomans

The eastern representatives affirmed latin doctrine of the filioque, papal supremacy, etc at both the Second Council of Lyon and the Council of Florence.
Under threat of Muslim Invasion

East/West Schism; Western Schism; Hussites; All of the Eastern Bishops except Mark of Ephesus submitted to papal supremacy in order to get Rome to help against the Invading Ottomans. Authority not accepted so Rome didn't help.

Protestantism; counter-Reformation; deuterocanonical books became part of canon

Gentiles can join the church without Circumcision. Paul, Peter and James in Jerusalem. Peter advised James on how to resolve the gentile question. James made the decision Peter and Paul in Jerusalem for Council of Jersusalem (most likely concerning the gentile converts in Antioch.)

Addressed at first council of nicea in nicean creed

Phrygria/Turkey - Bishop of Rome declared Heresy and Excommunicated Them

• 318 attendees (5 from the West) Nature of God the Father and God the Son; Uniform Date of Easter; Constructed first part of Niceane Creed; Acknowledged exceptional authority for the patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch, and Rome, for their respective regions as well as honorary rights for the patriarch of Jerusalem

• 150 attendees none from the West; This looks like the beginnings of Schism. Finalized Concept of the Trinity; No attendees from the West. It looks like Bishop Damasus I of Rome asserted primacy of and didn't attend this council, instead he schedule a council in Rome and invited the East (they didn't attend that one either)

• 250 attendees, West representatives arrived late Nestorian heresy; Affirmed Niceane Creed; Canon 8 condemned interference by the Bishop of Antioch in affairs of the Church in Cyprus and decreed generally, that no bishop was to "assume control of any province which has not heretofore, from the very beginning, been under his own hand or that of his predecessors ... lest the Canons of the Fathers be transgressed" Let to a split between West (Rome and EO) and East (Church of the East/Persia and Miaphysite/Oriental)

minus Oriental Orthodox - 520 attendees
Oriental Orthodox don't recognize; Nestorian heresy;
Canon 28: The bishop of New Rome shall enjoy the same honour as the bishop of Old Rome, on account of the removal of the Empire. For this reason the [metropolitans] of Pontus, of Asia, and of Thrace, as well as the Barbarian bishops shall be ordained by the bishop of Constantinople.

minus Oriental Orthodox - 152 attendees
Nestorian heresy; Origenism heresy

minus Oriental Orthodox - 300 attendees
Monotheletism Heresy; Human and divine wills of Jesus

minus Oriental Orthodox - 350 attendees 2 from West
Iconoclasm

1Clement to Corinthians 44:2 - Apostolic succession; 57:2 - Conditional Security;

Corinth is on the eastern side of Greece, near Constantinople.

3rd Bishop of Antioch; hearer of John the Apostle; To the Magnesians IX-Sunday Worship; To the Smyrneans VII - The Eucharist IS the body of Jesus; Only the Bishop can give permission to serve communion or baptize; To the Philadelphians III - If any man follows a schismatic, he doesn't inherit the kingdom of God (conditional security)

Martyred after fire during reign of Nero;

Martyred after fire during reign of Nero in Rome; His letters say they were written from Babylon.

Ordained by John the Apostle; Phillipians XI - If a man refrain not from covetousness, he shall be defiled by idolatry, and shall be judged as one of the Gentiles who know not the judgement of the lord.; At Polycarp's Martyrdom he says he served Jesus his whole life, infers infant baptism but not conclusively

61-63?

61-63?

61-63?

61-63?

61-63?

63-64?

63-64?

63-64?

64-65?

65-66?

66-67?

Origin and Tertullian explicitly referenced; Ignatious(105AD), Polycarp(135AD), and Justin Martyr(155AD) alluded to "divine three"

Codex Sinaiticus (appears to be LXX) and Codex Vaticanus (used LXX) are possible surviving examples of these Bibles; NT included Epistle of Barnabas and Shepherd of Hermes

Includes Shepherd of Hermes and Epistle of Barnabas in NT; uses LXX in old Testament; omits Baruch, but includes 4 Maccabees from LXX

Missing 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, and Revelation; lacks 1—4 Maccabees but includes 1 Esdras from LXX

Doesn't include Revelation

Included Deuterocanonical Books: Pope Damasus List (382)
• Tobit.
• Judith.
• Esther.
• Ezra, ij. books.
• Macchabees, ij. books.

Virtually fixes 27 NT Book Canon in the West, Jerome went against Augustine's view and used Hebrew OT (no deuterocanonical books) not LXX (includes deuterocanonical books). Superceded the previous version "Venus Latina" which used LXX; 405-408 the Greek OT books not in the Hebrew OT were added to the Latin Vulgate by Jerome in his next revision

Compiled and Translated by Jerome for Pope in West
Use of Hebrew OT (OT in Protestant Bible Today) vs LXX caused a big stir between Jerome and Augustine. The Hebrew OT doesn't include the deuterocanonical books in LXX.

Augustine already considered the books "Canonized";

Included Deuterocanonical Books: Pope Damasus List (382)
• Tobit.
• Judith.
• Esther.
• Ezra, ij. books.
• Macchabees, ij. books.

Included Deuterocanonical Books: Pope Damasus List (382)
• Tobit.
• Judith.
• Esther.
• Ezra, ij. books.
• Macchabees, ij. books.

Jerome's letter to Eustochium, in which Jerome quotes Sirach 13:2.[30] Elsewhere Jerome apparently also refers to Baruch, the Story of Susannah and Wisdom as scripture.; In his prologue to Judith, without using the word canon, he mentioned that Judith was held to be scriptural by the First Council of Nicaea.; What sin have I committed in following the judgment of the churches? But when I repeat what the Jews say against the Story of Susanna and the Hymn of the Three Children, and the fables of Bel and the Dragon, which are not contained in the Hebrew Bible, the man who makes this a charge against me proves himself to be a fool and a slanderer; for I explained not what I thought but what they commonly say against us. (Against Rufinus, II:33 [AD 402]).

Included deuterocanonical books that had been included since 382AD

Papias of Hierapolis (died. c. 160s)
Valentinus (c. 100 – c. 160)
Quadratus of Athens (fl. 124/125)
Basilides (died c. 132)
Aristides the Athenian (died c. 133 or fl. c. 140)
Aristo of Pella (fl. c. 140)
Marcion (c. 110 – c. 160)
Justin Martyr (c. 110 – c. 165)
Hegesippus (c. 110 – 180)
Melito of Sardis (died c. 180)
Athenagoras of Athens (c. 133 – c. 190)
Dionysius of Corinth (fl. c. 171)
Heracleon (fl. c. 175)
Apollinaris Claudius (fl. c. 177)
Ptolemy (fl. c. 180)
Pantaenus (died c. 200)
Irenaeus of Lyons (died c. 202)
Apollonius of Ephesus (fl. c. 180 – c. 210)
Serapion of Antioch (died 211)
Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 – 211 or 216)
Bardaisan (154–222/3)
Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 220)

Minucius Felix (2nd or 3rd century)
Caius, Presbyter of Rome (early 3rd century)
Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170 – c. 236)
Origen of Alexandria (c. 184 – 254)
Sabellius (fl. c. 215)
Cyprian (died 258)
Novatian (c. 200 – 258)
Paul of Samosata (c. 200 – c. 275)
Dionysius of Alexandria (died 265)
Gregory Thaumaturgus (c. 213 – c. 270)
Methodius of Olympus (died c. 311)
Lucian of Antioch (c. 240 – 312)
Lactantius (c. 240 – c. 320)