Ch. II Western Cultural History (Copy)

End of Roman Republic after 479 years.
(Miller 52)

(Schaeffer 22)

Christian era begins
(Miller 52)

Writes antiphonal psalmodies(Schaeffer 90)
Emphasized a true biblical Christianity. Introduced antiphonal psalmody &hymns to the West, along w/ the Ambrosian chant. (Smith xvi)

(Schaeffer 30)
Emphasized true biblical Christianity.
(Schaeffer 31)
Bishop of Milan 374-397
Introduced antiphonal psalmody & singing of hymns.

(Schaeffer 30)
Emphasized biblical Christianity

Lasted 506 yrs. (30 BC-476 AD)
(Miller 52)

(Schaeffer 31)

(Schaeffer 31)
Built Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (consecrated in 537)

(Schaeffer 31)
Characterized by formalized, stylized, symbolic masaics & icons.

(Schaeffer 44)
Introduced Gregorian Change (impersonal, mystical)

Had all the modes of worship of the Western church arranged into a systematic whole, called the Gregorian chant. (Smith, xvii)

(Schaeffer 43)
Son of Pippin, became King of the Frnaks in 768 & crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in rome on Christmas Day 800.

British epic takes place in Scandinavia

(Schaeffer 46)
Rounded arches, thick walls, dim interiors

(Schaeffer 47)
Pointed arches, high windows, clerestory (windows set high in the walls), flying buttresses.

(Schaeffer 36)
Recognizing the corrupting effect of wealth, forbade his followers to receive money.

(Schaeffer 43)
Placed revelation & human reason on an equal footing.
(Scaheffer 51)
A Dominican monk. Taught man was fallen, not his intellect. Thus, man could rely on his own human wisdom & people were free to mix teachings of Bible w/ teachings of non-Christian philosophers.

(Schaeffer 58)
Author of "Divine Comedy;" one of first to write in the vernacular. Mixed Christina & class'l. pagan world in his work. Demonstrated 2 views of love: sensual (lower story, physical) & spiritual (upper story/ideal).

(Schaeffer 57)
Can see in his "The Last Judgment" how he was 1st to give nature a more proper place and painted people as real people yet 'larger than life.' Designed the bell tower, the Campanile, next to the cathedral in Florence near the end of his lifetime.

(Schaeffer 56)
Oxford professor; taught that the Bible was the supreme authority.
Produced his English translation of the Bible.

(Schaeffer 56)
Influenced by Wycliffe. Spoke out, affirming the Bible as the only final authority.

(Schaeffer 62)
His architecture shifted emphasis from Gothic back to classical. Built churches in Florence & the Foundling Hospital (1st Renaissance building). His cathedral dome in Florence is one of the wonders of the world, a great mathematical feat.

(Greenholt 45)
Middle English poem from late 14th century, written by unknown British author (perhaps "Perl" Poet).
Set in Camelot of King Arthur & the Round Table.

England

(Schaeffer 66)
Greatest Flemish (N. Europe) painter. "Adoration of the Lamb"--a real landscape communicating the real truth of Scripture. Christ, sacrificed, but alive!

(Schaeffer 65)
Father of Renaissance painting. Gave his work a true-to-life quality. First painter to consistently use central perspective, to bring light into paintings from naturally correct direction, & to paint people w/ their feet standing on the ground. Portrayed Adam & Eve biblically--real people in a real world (68).

(Schaeffer 71)
Painter of "The Red Virgin," a picture of the king's mistress, Agnes Sorel painted as Mary w/ all the holiness removed...along w/ its meaning. https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcREwB-cdMNmzlg1T4G2hObL3pzsyMwbPJu9UZPk8QUu3Nm8wexa

(Schaeffer 72)

(Strickland 40)
Jan van Eyck, 1390-1441

(Schaeffer 72)
Anticipated where humanism would end. "Man beginning w/ himself would never be able to come to meaning on the basis of mathematics...one only ends w/ mechanics...Everything, including man, is the machine."

(Schaeffer 80)

(Schaeffer 94)
Wrote passionate diary entries regarding Martin Luther. (Schaeffer 96)

1543 "On the Revolution" on Heliocentric Theory is published at Copernicus' death.

(Schaeffer 71)
Sculpted men "tearing themselves out of the rock." "Man will make himself great...by himself will tear himself out of nature & free himself from it..."

(Schaeffer 52)
Painted "The School of Athens" w/ Plato pointing one finger upward & Aristotle w/ his fingers spread wide & down toward the earth. Plato valued absolutes or ideals, while Aristotle valued particulars.

Helps to sow the seeds of a musical renaissance in Germany. Wrote "A Mighty Fortress is Our God." (Smith, xvii)

(Schaeffer 68)
by Ottaviano Petrucci in Venice

(Schaeffer 72)
Uncircumcised, humanistic ideal of man. Man is great!

(Schaeffer 80)
Addressed his "Institutes of the Christian Religion" in 1536 to the same Francis I that brought Leonardo to France.

(Smith, xvii)

MMA, London
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%BCrer-Hieronymus-im-Geh%C3%A4us.jpg

(CC History Card #94)

Just 2 yrs. before Leonardo's death.

(Schaeffer 81)

(Schaeffer 81)

(Schaeffer 80)

Prague, Czechoslovakia, rich gold nose

Austria to Prague, Caechoslavakia

One of the most important musical figures of the Baroque period, culminating in the work of Bach & Handel. (Smith, xvii)

Father of Modern Philosophy (Schaeffer 152)

(Veith 67)

(Schaeffer 98)
Neither idealized art nor demeaned it; he lived in the midst of God's world & did not need to make himself God. Rather, he could use God's world & its form in his painting(100).

Poet & political writer--Pressed case a/g Charles I & the Royalists. Imprisoned briefly after Charles II was restored to the throne of England in 1660. Published "Paradise Lost" in 1667.

Set in Puritan Boston. Written before the Salem Witch Trials.

England

published in 1719

(Greenholt 49)
By John Milton (1608-1674)

(Wile & Durnell 37)

His music was a direct result of the Reformation culture & the biblical Christianity of the time. "There would have been no Bach had there been no Luther." (Schaeffer 92)
Core of his creative work is a treasure of cantatas that make up more than half of his music. (Smith xviii)

(Schaeffer 90)

"Father of Enlightenment" (Schaeffer 120)

(Veith 69)

(Schaeffer 93)

(Schaeffer 156)

(Schaeffer 154)
"Man was born free, but everywhere he is in chains!"

Inspired by "The Messiah," he wrote his masterpiece "The Creation" in his later years. Includes "The Heavens Are Telling," his setting of verses from Ps. 19. (Smith xviii)

(72 Strickland)
"The Peale Family" 1770-1773

(Schaeffer 92)

Perhaps the most purely musical composer, did a magnificent arrangement of the shortest of all psalms, the praise-filled Ps. 117. (Smith xviii)

(Schaeffer 121)

Neoclassical
(Strickland, 72)

At one time, a rebellious pupil of Haydn. His music was the bridge from the Classical period to Romanticism. In his setting of verses from Ps. 19, "The Heavens are Telling," one can almost see the stars shining. (Smith xviii)

(Greenholt 63)

(68 Strickland)

German mathematician & philosopher
https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTlYzrGyJv85ByBaPdx4xJm2eMI5_VbyFW27O2Yd6AtVmgNqwr0

1844 Telegraph; Morse code; portrait artist

(Veith 71)

English philosopher
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR_U2K6-0gLw5DtFbXVYQL2qphG17ShpVgez-OwwP6_svWMUlWkUA

Early Romantic Jewish-Christian composer, who set many psalms to music. i.e. "Lift Thine Eyes to the Mountains" from Ps. 121 in his oratorio "Elijah." (Smith xviii)

(Greenholt 75)

Originally written under the name "First Impressions," probably around 1799. Published anonymously at first. (Greenholt 63)

Published under masculine pseudonym, Curer Bell until 1848. (Greenholt 85)

(Wiles 227)
born in Austria

(Smith 82)

Russian; Truth in literature

German Classic-Romantic composer, whose music is inspired by a deep concern w/ man's mortal lot & his hope of heaven. (Smith xviii)

Combines realistic dialogue & ordinary characters w/ social issues

Major American marine painter & watercolorist of all time.
(Strickland 85)

Romanticism
(Strickland 81)

(Greenholt 85)

(Strickland 83)

by Charles Dickens(Greenholt 75)

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQvniHGleuVEbzrE1hj7VRccwjBmiPi3pkBl7Nh6MaZ4YdhCS1axA

(Strickland 96)

Gift of Music

(Greenholt, 117)

Discovered radium; 1st woman to win Nobel Price; brought X-rays to battlefield

British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic

Realism
(Strickland 85)

German; General & Specific Theories of Relativity; 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics

(Greenholt 103)

"The Hiding Place"; The Netherlands

(Schaeffer 156)

(Schaeffer 167)

1948 Mother Teresa began working in Calcutta with the Little Sisters of the Poor.

(Muggeridge, 154)

Stories within "Favorite Father Brown Stories" are taken from "The Innocence of Father Brown" (1911) & "The Wisdom of Father Brown" (1914)

(Schaeffer 230)

(Greenholt 103)

(Bauer 329)

Receive Nobel Prize, 1962
Schaeffer 230

published by Malcolm Muggeridge