HIS 277

Privilege: Short description, no explanation needed. Had to be used quickly or lost.

Awarded prized for ways to compute longitude

Description required, no requirement to practice

Printed patent application template, with description required -> so people could replicate it once patent term ended

1976: Copyright Act (life + 50, 75 if corporate)
1998: Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (life + 70, 120 if corporate created, 95 if corporate publication)

Diamond v. Chakrabarty

Universities can patent publicly-funded research, promoting research and innovation, launching 10x boom of patents, most of which are research discoveries and tools
• MARCH-IN RIGHTS: if they didn't commercialize these patents, they could be forcibly licensed, forcing commercial use

Kary Mullis and PCR

1987: humans can't be patented

1998: patented
2010: can't be patented
2011: can be patented
2013: Supreme Court says can't be patented

34/46 were privately built, 22 privately operated

Much better, but Lewis (Argand lamps) had monopoy, so US didn't get until 1852

Failure because they didn't pay attention to standardizing electrical resistance

After the World Fair

Patented in 1868, took over market

Compromise between British standard and Siemens standard

Faster/easier than QWERTY, but QWERTY was market-entrenched

First trip with new standardizations of shipping containers, super fast, garnered interest from US Maritime Admin (Marad), standard becomes widespread after ISO looks into it

Creates Fed. Trade Commission

Hoover ended licensing rules, opened up spectrum

Created FCC (1934 named), public interest standard

1937: 3 channels
1939: 75 chanels
1940: 40 more channels, 5 for non-commercial operators
1945: given new band, including 88-92 (public radio)
1961: stereo standards

FM became alternative to top-40s AM, also Native Americans

Top 40s, "contemporary hits" move to FM

Repeal of 1948 "fairness doctrine", proliferation of (conservative) talk radio

Growth of home radio, Sirius, etc after 1997 auctions

1880: started making light bulbs
1882: first commercial generator, didn't charge customers, lost money

Insull started consolidating electric companies, focused on wiring the home to even out load factor

Thomson-Houston Company (AC) merged with Edison General Electric Company (DC)

Coffeehouse discussions, ways to help for ventures

Concerns had been voiced, but discounted

Reactor failure on a catastrophic scale (complex, tightly-coupled)

Separated investment from commercial banks

Emphasis on "risk" as the key variable.

Adjustable-rate mortgages also allowed for flipping houses, people with bad credit, etc

Eliminates lots of gov't oversight of derivatives markets

Mortgage delinquencies pile up, so mortgage-backed securities start to fall....

Holds records of malpractice cases, but not open to the public, and hospitals don't always report incidents

French engineering corps, bridges and roads, first real engineering corps

First engineering/technology school

First professional engineer training in USA

First in a bunch of institutes/societies that act as standards groups (ethics, social responsibilities, etc)

Gave federal aid to states to support colleges for agriculture/mechanic arts

***THINK CORNELL LAND-GRANT SCHOOLS

• managerial corporations, heirarchical setups
• administrative state
• consolidation of professional organizations (AMA, ASME, etc) and licensing systems

Accreditation of engineering curricula

Uniform standards/procedures to govern advisory committees

ASME had ruled in favor of a strict adherence to a code, was blamed for a company's failure to enter market because f this code issue

Used to vaccinate against smallpox, discovered by observing milkmaids

Mailed vaccine to people who requested it, recognized usefulness of vaccination

• Nat'l Tuberculosis in 1904, just treatment
• Nat'l Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, American Cancer Society in 1930s fund research, but defer to medical expertise

Grants for states to vaccinate

AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power

in 1987-88, started targeting FDA for limiting access to new drugs

Used American-style agricultural assumptions in Mexico, changed corn crop.
Monocultures, dwarf wheat, etc.